Thermotropic Liquid Crystals

Recent Advances

By: Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy (Editor)

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Hardcover | 30 March 2007

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"Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Recent Advances" covers developments in the field of thermotropic liquid crystals and their functional importance. In addition it presents advances related to different sub-areas pertinent to this interdisciplinary area of research. This text brings together research from synthetic scientists and spectroscopists and attempts to bridge the gaps between these two areas.

Recent studies have reported a plethora of novel mesogenic molecules which triggered new interest in this area of research. Use of design concepts such as microphase segregation, non-covalent interactions, dipole-dipole interactions and shape anisotropy enabled the incorporation of any chemical structure into a liquid crystal. As a result, a range of exciting molecules such as columnar liquid crystals that lack side chains, liquid crystalline dendrimers, and unusually shaped amphiphilic molecules have been made. Characterization of these surprising molecules poses a tremendous challenge to existing physical techniques.

This comprehensive text has chapters covering the applications of high-resolution methods, such as solid-state NMR, that have been used to understand the high-resolution structure, dynamics, orientation, and orientational order of these molecules in various phases.

This book will prove to be an invaluable resource to students, researchers, and academics active in Chemistry, Material Science, and Nano-science programs. It will also be of interest to Scientists from industries that focus on this research.

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Published: 19th October 2010

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Preface	p. xi
Mesophase Behaviour at the Borderline between Calamitic and "Banana-shaped" Mesogens	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Variants of Polymorphism with SmCP_A, Conventional Smectic (SmA, SmC) and Nematic Phases	p. 5
Dimorphism SmA-SmCP_A in Bent-core Mesogens with Perfluorinated Terminal Chains	p. 5
Polymorphism SmA-SmCP_A, SmA-SmC-SmCP_A and N-SmA-SmC-SmCP_A in Cyano-substituted Bent-core Compounds	p. 6
Five-ring 4,6-dichlororesorcinol Derivatives with Fluorine or Chlorine Substituents at the Outer Rings	p. 8
Polymorphism of the Non-polar SmC and/or the Nematic Phase with Several SmCP Phases	p. 12
Liquid Crystal Tetramorphism with a SmA Phase and a Reentrant SmC_SP_A Phase	p. 14
Benzoyl Derivatives of Secondary Cyclic Amines	p. 15
Polymorphism with Polar Biaxial SmA Phases	p. 15
SmAP_A Phases Formed by Terminal Non-polar Bent-core Mesogens	p. 15
SmAP_A Phases with a Partial Bilayer Structure (SmA_dP_A) Formed by Terminal Polar Bent-core Mesogens	p. 18
Direct Transitions from the Nematic to Polar Smectic or Columnar Phases	p. 20
Direct Transition from the Nematic Phase into the SmCP_A Phase	p. 20
Direct Transition from the Nematic Phase into the SmA_dP_A Phase	p. 24
Variants of Polymorphism with Columnar and Nematic Phases or Conventional Smectic Phases	p. 24
Bent-core and Calamitic Mesogens - Mixed with each other or Covalently Linked to each other	p. 30
Transitions between "Banana Phases" and Nematic and/or Conventional Smectic Phases in Binary Mixtures	p. 30
Further Binary Systems with Bent-core Mixing Components	p. 35
Dimers Consisting of a Bent-core and a Calamitic Mesogenic Unit	p. 37
Unusual Properties of Conventional Nematic and Smectic Phases Formed by Bent-core Mesogens	p. 38
Nematic Phases of Bent-core Compounds	p. 38
Non-polar SmA and SmC Phases Formed by Bent-core Compounds	p. 42
Field-induced Transitions from a Non-polar Phase to a Polar Phase	p. 43
Field-induced Enhancement of the Transition Temperature SmCP_A -isotropic	p. 43
Field-induced Enhancement of the Transition Temperature SmCP_A - SmA	p. 46
Field-induced Enhancement of the Transition Temperature Crystalline-isotropic	p. 46
Discussion	p. 48
Acknowledgement	p. 54
References	p. 54
Physical Properties of Banana Liquid Crystals	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Structural Cartoons	p. 59
Experimental Results	p. 64
Phase Structures	p. 64
SmCP Materials	p. 66
The B7 Materials	p. 74
Free-Standing Filaments	p. 76
Acknowledgements	p. 78
References	p. 79
Atomistic-Resolution Structural Studies of Liquid Crystalline Materials Using Solid-State NMR Techniques	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
SLF	p. 91
State-Correlated 2D NMR Spectroscopy	p. 96
SC-2D NMR Spectra of Liquid Crystalline Samples	p. 97
Theoretical Background of SC-2D NMR and Analysis of Order Parameters in 4'-methoxybenzylidene-4-acetoxyaniline	p. 97
SC-2D NMR Spectra of EBBA	p. 105
SC-2D NMR Spectra of Mixed System of 5OCB and PCH3	p. 108
Summary and Scope	p. 113
References	p. 114
Separated Local Field NMR Spectroscopy in Columnar Liquid Crystals	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
¹³C-¹H Separated Local Field NMR Spectroscopy	p. 119
Heteronuclear Spin-spin Interactions	p. 119
The Effect of Magic-angle Sample Spinning	p. 120
Measurements of ¹H-¹³C Dipolar Couplings	p. 121
Summary	p. 136
Acknowledgements	p. 136
References	p. 136
Phase Biaxiality in Nematic Liquid Crystals	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
A Long-discussed Candidate	p. 142
Phase Biaxiality in Nematic Liquid-crystalline Polymers	p. 147
Conoscopic Investigations	p. 147
Deuterium NMR Investigations	p. 150
Effects of Phase Biaxiality on Cholesteric Phase Structure	p. 155
Phase Biaxiality in Combined Disc-rod Mesogens	p. 157
Biaxial Nematic Phases in Liquid Crystals Consisting of Banana Mesogens	p. 160
Deuterium NMR Investigations	p. 161
X-Ray Diffraction Measurements	p. 163
Organo-Siloxane Tetrapodes	p. 166
Summary	p. 168
References	p. 169
NMR Study of Self-diffusion	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Collective Coherent Response Signals	p. 172
Gradient-Echo with Soft Excitation Pulse	p. 174
References	p. 178
Structure and Dynamics of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers by NMR Spectroscopy	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Structure and Dynamics of Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Polyesters with Flexible Side Chains	p. 180
Rigid-rod Polyesters with 1, 4-dialkyl Esters of Pyromellitic Acid and 4, 4'-biphenol	p. 180
Structure and Dynamics of Rod like Poly(p-biphenylene terephthalate) with Long n-alkyl Side Chains	p. 185
Poly(diethylsiloxane)	p. 190
Poly(L-glutamate)s with Long n-alkyl Side Chains	p. 199
Poly(L-glutamate) with Unsaturated Olely Side Chains	p. 216
Diffusion of Rod like Polymers in the Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase by Field-gradient NMR	p. 219
Rod like Polypeptides	p. 219
Diffusion of Poly(n-alkyl L-glutamate)s in the Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase	p. 221
Diffusion of Poly(diethylsiloxane) in the Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase and Isotropic Phase	p. 224
Diffusion of PDES in the Isotropic Phase and in the Isotropic Region of the Biphasic Phase	p. 225
References	p. 230
Recent Experimental Developments at the Nematic to Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Phase Transition	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Background: The Hierarchy of Theoretical Approximations	p. 235
Essential Features of the NA Transition	p. 235
Mean-field Theory and Landau-de Gennes Theory	p. 237
Thermal Fluctuations	p. 238
Experiments Probing Mean Field Parameters	p. 239
Dissolved Solutes	p. 239
Carbon-13 and Deuterium NMR Studies	p. 240
Experiments Probing Critical Behaviour	p. 241
Experiments Probing Phase Transition Order	p. 243
The Landau Tricritical Point and the HLM Effect	p. 243
External Fields	p. 245
The Landau-Peierls Instability in Smectics	p. 245
Summary	p. 246
Acknowledgements	p. 246
References	p. 246
Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymers - Synthesis and Properties	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
LC Polyacetylene Derivatives	p. 252
Preparation	p. 252
Syntheses of Monomers	p. 252
Polymerizations of Monomers	p. 254
Properties	p. 255
Liquid Crystalline Phases of Monomers	p. 255
Liquid Crystalline Phases of Polymers	p. 255
Higher Order Structure and Stereospecific Configuration	p. 258
Absorption Spectra and Chemical Doping	p. 261
Molecular Orientation and Electrical Conductivity	p. 263
Spin State and Chemical Doping	p. 267
Orientation Behavior and Anisotropy Under Magnetic Field	p. 268
Conclusion	p. 272
Acknowledgements	p. 273
References	p. 273
Fast Switching of Nematic Liquid Crystals by an Electric Field: Effects of Dielectric Relaxation on the Director and Thermal Dynamics	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Dielectric Response in Nematic Liquid Crystals	p. 279
Switching Memory Effect	p. 283
Theory	p. 283
Experiment and Analysis	p. 285
Dielectric Heating Effect	p. 289
Summary	p. 293
Reference	p. 294
Photoconducting Discotic Liquid Crystals	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Photoconductivity	p. 298
Mechanism of Charge Transportation in Organic Materials	p. 298
Unique Structures of Discotic Liquid Crystals	p. 300
Characterization Method	p. 303
Processing of the Photoconducting Discotic Liquid Crystals	p. 305
Photoconducting Discotic Liquid Crystals	p. 311
Application	p. 316
Outlook	p. 319
Reference	p. 320
Index	p. 323
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Thermotropic Liquid Crystals

Recent Advances

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Hardcover

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