| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What is thermoluminescence? | p. 1 |
| Luminescence | p. 2 |
| Early observations of thermoluminescence (pre-1948) | p. 8 |
| Applications | p. 11 |
| Radiation dosimetry | p. 11 |
| Age determination | p. 13 |
| Geology | p. 14 |
| Defects in solids | p. 16 |
| Other applications | p. 17 |
| This book | p. 18 |
| Theoretical background | p. 20 |
| Elementary concepts | p. 20 |
| Energy bands and localized levels: crystalline materials | p. 20 |
| Non-crystalline materials | p. 24 |
| Traps and recombination centres | p. 25 |
| Transitions not involving the delocalized bands | p. 30 |
| Recombination processes | p. 32 |
| Direct and indirect recombination | p. 33 |
| Radiative and non-radiative recombination | p. 34 |
| Models for thermoluminescence | p. 40 |
| Simple model | p. 41 |
| Additions to the simple model | p. 49 |
| An alternative model | p. 57 |
| More complex models | p. 61 |
| Thermoluminescence analysis | p. 64 |
| Introduction | p. 64 |
| Trap emptying | p. 66 |
| Equations for the simple model: order of kinetics | p. 66 |
| Equations for other models | p. 74 |
| Methods of analysis | p. 75 |
| Partial and whole curve analyses | p. 76 |
| Peak shape methods | p. 87 |
| Peak position methods | p. 90 |
| Curve-fitting | p. 95 |
| Isothermal analysis | p. 98 |
| Energy distributions | p. 105 |
| Calculation of the frequency factor, s | p. 110 |
| Summary | p. 115 |
| Trap filling | p. 115 |
| The simple model | p. 118 |
| Additions to the simple model | p. 122 |
| Additional factors governing thermoluminescence | p. 127 |
| Further discussions of supralinearity | p. 127 |
| Multi-stage reaction models | p. 127 |
| More on competition models | p. 130 |
| Trap creation models | p. 131 |
| Sensitization | p. 132 |
| Competing trap models | p. 133 |
| Centre conversion models | p. 133 |
| Trap creation models (radiation and thermal) | p. 134 |
| Optical effects | p. 137 |
| Optical stimulation | p. 137 |
| Phototransfer | p. 141 |
| Tunnelling and anomalous fading | p. 143 |
| Quenching effects | p. 148 |
| Thermal quenching | p. 148 |
| Concentration quenching | p. 150 |
| Impurity quenching | p. 152 |
| Defects and thermoluminescence | p. 153 |
| General introduction | p. 153 |
| The alkali halides | p. 154 |
| Structure and defects | p. 154 |
| Irradiation effects | p. 159 |
| Thermoluminescence from KCl, KBr, KI and NaCl, irradiated at 4K | p. 163 |
| Samples irradiated at 80K | p. 166 |
| Samples irradiated at room temperature | p. 173 |
| Thermoluminescence from LiF | p. 177 |
| Quartz and silica | p. 187 |
| Structure | p. 188 |
| Defects | p. 190 |
| Luminescence | p. 195 |
| Thermoluminescence; samples irradiated below room temperature | p. 197 |
| Samples irradiated at room temperature | p. 198 |
| Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) | p. 205 |
| General requirements for TLD materials | p. 205 |
| Dose response | p. 206 |
| Energy response | p. 207 |
| Fading and stability | p. 214 |
| Annealing procedures | p. 215 |
| Other factors | p. 216 |
| Specific examples | p. 217 |
| Lithium fluoride, LiF | p. 222 |
| Lithium borate, Li[subscript 2]B[subscript 4]O[subscript 7] | p. 225 |
| Magnesium borate, MgB[subscript 4]O[subscript 7] | p. 228 |
| Magnesium orthosilicate, Mg[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 4] | p. 229 |
| Calcium sulphate, CaSO[subscript 4] | p. 230 |
| Calcium fluoride, CaF[subscript 2] | p. 231 |
| Beryllium oxide, BeO | p. 233 |
| Aluminium oxide, Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] | p. 234 |
| Ultra-violet effects and dose re-estimation | p. 235 |
| Personal dosimetry | p. 236 |
| Introduction | p. 236 |
| Materials | p. 237 |
| Practical application | p. 239 |
| Environmental monitoring | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 241 |
| Materials | p. 243 |
| Practical application | p. 243 |
| Medical applications | p. 246 |
| Introduction | p. 246 |
| Materials | p. 247 |
| Practical application | p. 247 |
| Specific examples | p. 249 |
| Thermoluminescence dating | p. 253 |
| General | p. 253 |
| Techniques in pottery dating | p. 254 |
| Introduction | p. 254 |
| Fine-grain dating | p. 256 |
| Inclusion dating | p. 257 |
| Pre-dose dating | p. 258 |
| Phototransfer dating | p. 266 |
| General problems | p. 268 |
| Fading | p. 268 |
| Spurious thermoluminescence | p. 271 |
| Sensitization and supralinearity | p. 272 |
| Dose rate evaluation | p. 274 |
| Introduction | p. 274 |
| Thermoluminescence dosimetry | p. 277 |
| Alpha-counting and K-analysis | p. 279 |
| Other techniques | p. 281 |
| Special dating applications | p. 282 |
| Sediments | p. 282 |
| Stones and rocks | p. 286 |
| Shells, bones and teeth | p. 289 |
| Authenticity testing | p. 290 |
| Geological applications | p. 293 |
| General | p. 293 |
| Meteorites | p. 294 |
| Mineralogy | p. 294 |
| Thermoluminescence | p. 295 |
| The use of the natural glow-curve | p. 303 |
| The use of the artificial glow-curve | p. 307 |
| Lunar material | p. 309 |
| Mineralogy and ages | p. 309 |
| Luminescence | p. 310 |
| Thermoluminescence | p. 312 |
| Terrestrial geology | p. 315 |
| Shock detection | p. 315 |
| Geo- and palaeothermometry | p. 318 |
| Prospecting | p. 320 |
| Miscellaneous applications | p. 321 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 322 |
| Instrumentation | p. 323 |
| Introduction | p. 323 |
| Cryostat design | p. 324 |
| High temperature (] room temperature) | p. 324 |
| Low temperature ([ room temperature) | p. 325 |
| Heater design and temperature control | p. 326 |
| Heater design | p. 326 |
| Temperature control | p. 328 |
| Light detection | p. 332 |
| Photomultiplier tube: d.c. current mode | p. 332 |
| Photon counting | p. 334 |
| Special considerations | p. 336 |
| Background subtraction | p. 336 |
| Emission spectra | p. 337 |
| Commercial systems | p. 340 |
| Minerals | p. 342 |
| Commercial thermoluminescence systems | p. 344 |
| References | p. 345 |
| Index | p. 371 |
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