The Sounds of French

An Introduction

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Paperback | 21 March 1988

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252 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.45

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This introductory textbook is principally addressed to English speakers who want systematically to improve their pronunciation of French - whether relative beginners or more advanced students. It describes the difficulties typically encountered, explains why they occur. and suggests ways to resolve them. It also explains how certain properties of the French sound system came about as the language changed over time, and it includes an examination of the relationship between French spelling and French pronunciation. Although focusing on the pronunciation of standard French, different pronunciations in other varieties of French (Qu©bec French, Southern French, etc.) are also considered. In addition, from a more theoretical perspective, the book provides readers with a fundamental understanding of the way French sounds are produced and how they behave according to general linguistic principles. Overall the book stands as a multifaceted introduction to French sounds, drawing for its account on contrastive analysis, general phonetics, traditional knowledge and modern developments in phonology, historical linguistics, and orthography. Teachers of French will welcome Bernard Tranel's wide scholarship and firm grasp of teaching principles, while students will welcome the refreshing clarity of style and organization.

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Preface	p. xi
Special note to English-speaking students learning French	p. xi
Organization of the book	p. xiii
The language of reference	p. xiv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introductory concepts
Orthography, pronunciation, and phonetic notation
Introduction	p. 3
Phonetic notation	p. 3
Orthography	p. 8
From letters to sounds	p. 9
From sounds to letters	p. 13
Other complications	p. 14
Conclusion	p. 16
Basic notions of phonetics
Introduction	p. 17
The production and perception of sounds: general outline	p. 17
The production and classification of sounds	p. 18
Adaptation of the respiratory function	p. 18
The vocal cords	p. 19
The supraglottal cavities	p. 21
The nasal cavity	p. 22
The oral cavity	p. 23
Consonants	p. 23
Consonants: manner of articulation	p. 23
Consonants: place of articulation	p. 25
Vowels	p. 27
Vowels: aperture	p. 27
Vowels: lip position	p. 28
Vowels: place of articulation	p. 28
Glides	p. 29
Vowels and glides
Vowel systems
Introduction	p. 33
Stress and rhythm	p. 33
Vowel inventories	p. 35
The French vowel system	p. 35
The English vowel system	p. 36
Complementary remarks	p. 36
Contrastive study	p. 39
Diphthongization	p. 39
Rounded vowels	p. 42
Closed vowels	p. 45
Mid vowels	p. 46
Open vowels	p. 48
Contrastive study: conclusion	p. 48
Distribution of vowels
Introduction	p. 49
Vowel length	p. 49
Distribution of mid vowels	p. 51
Mid vowels in word-final syllables	p. 51
[e]-[varepsilon] in word-final syllables	p. 51
[o]-[characters not reproducible] in word final syllables	p. 53
[phis]-[oe] in word final syllables	p. 56
Summary: mid vowels in word-final syllables	p. 58
Mid vowels in non-final syllables	p. 58
Introduction	p. 58
Role of syllable structure	p. 59
Role of vowel harmony	p. 60
Role of derivational morphology	p. 61
Other factors and interactions	p. 61
Summary: mid vowels in non-final syllables	p. 62
Distribution of [a] and [d]	p. 62
Nasal vowels
Introduction	p. 66
Articulatory characteristics	p. 68
The role of nasality in French	p. 69
Contrastive study	p. 71
Historical sketch	p. 73
Nasal vowels and orthography	p. 75
Nasal vowels and liaison	p. 81
E
Introduction	p. 86
E-deletion: general principles	p. 88
E-deletion: refinements	p. 90
Initial es and internal es	p. 90
E in the initial syllable of a group	p. 90
E in contiguous syllables	p. 92
Some special cases	p. 93
H-aspire words	p. 93
[CLjV] sequences	p. 95
The pronoun le	p. 98
Other cases	p. 98
The future and the conditional	p. 100
Final es	p. 100
Other cases of vowel deletion	p. 105
Glides
Introduction	p. 108
The front rounded glide [characters not reproducible]	p. 108
The representation of glides in the orthography	p. 111
The representation of [characters not reproducible]	p. 111
The representation of [w]	p. 111
The representation of [j]	p. 112
The distribution of glides	p. 115
Correspondences between closed vowels and glides	p. 118
Remarks on pronunciation variations with glides	p. 120
Consonants
Consonantal systems
Introduction	p. 125
Consonant inventories and comparative overview	p. 125
Contrastive study	p. 129
Voiceless stops	p. 129
Voicing	p. 131
Release	p. 132
The place of articulation of [t, d, n]	p. 133
Practical concluding remarks	p. 134
L and R
Introduction	p. 135
l, r, and syllabicity	p. 135
The articulation of l	p. 137
The articulation of r	p. 139
Occlusive rs	p. 140
Trilled rs	p. 140
Tapped rs	p. 141
Constrictive rs	p. 141
Front rs	p. 141
Back rs	p. 142
English and French r: contrastive study	p. 143
Learning the French back r	p. 144
Conclusion	p. 146
Double consonants and final consonants
Introduction	p. 147
Double consonants	p. 147
The pronunciation of the double consonants of the orthography	p. 147
Other cases of geminate consonants	p. 151
Double consonants: summary	p. 153
Final consonants	p. 154
General considerations	p. 154
Individual study of final consonants	p. 155
B	p. 155
C	p. 156
D	p. 156
F	p. 157
G	p. 157
H	p. 158
J	p. 158
K	p. 158
L	p. 158
M	p. 158
N	p. 159
P	p. 159
Q	p. 159
R	p. 159
S	p. 160
T	p. 164
V	p. 166
W	p. 166
X	p. 166
Z	p. 166
Final consonants: conclusion	p. 167
Liaison
Introduction	p. 168
Brief history of liaison	p. 168
Conditions for the occurrence of linking consonants	p. 171
Phonetic factors	p. 173
Morphological factors	p. 179
Syntactic factors	p. 184
Additional remarks	p. 187
Practical advice	p. 188
Suprasegmentals
Stress and intonation
Introduction	p. 193
Stress	p. 194
Grammatical stress	p. 195
The placement of grammatical stress	p. 195
The strength of grammatical stress	p. 197
Grammatical stress in phrases and sentences	p. 197
Grammatical stress: concluding remarks	p. 200
Emphatic stress	p. 200
Intonation	p. 201
Appendices
The International Phonetic Association	p. 209
Diacritic marks in French orthography	p. 212
Outline of the history of French orthography	p. 215
Sounds and letters in French: summary	p. 221
A selection of h-aspire words	p. 228
Fundamental principles of French pronunciation: summary	p. 230
Bibliography	p. 231
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

The Sounds of French

An Introduction

At a Glance

Paperback

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