Preface | p. ix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Policy Issues and the Main Policy Tools | p. 2 |
Country Studies | p. 7 |
Not Policy Miracles | p. 9 |
Note | p. 9 |
The Real Exchange Rate | p. 10 |
The Real Exchange Rate as the Price of Foreign Exchange | p. 11 |
Analysis of the Real Exchange Rate | p. 12 |
Expenditure Reducing and Expenditure Switching | p. 16 |
Floating and Fixed Exchange Rates | p. 19 |
Effects of Changes in the Real Exchange Rate | p. 26 |
Notes | p. 32 |
Policy Issues and the Main Policy Tools | |
Balance of Payments Issues | p. 37 |
An Overview of Linkages | p. 37 |
Basic Accounting Concepts | p. 42 |
Policy Instruments | p. 45 |
Determinants of Growth | p. 49 |
Some Mistakes To Be Avoided | p. 51 |
Notes | p. 52 |
External Shocks and Domestic Policy Responses | p. 54 |
Anatomy of External Shocks | p. 54 |
Policy Response to External Shocks | p. 64 |
Additional Problems | p. 74 |
Conclusions | p. 78 |
Overvaluation and Trade Balance | p. 80 |
Effects of Overvaluation | p. 80 |
Definitions of the Real Exchange Rate | p. 82 |
Effects of Disturbances | p. 86 |
Goods, Factor, and Asset Markets | p. 91 |
Country Experiences | p. 96 |
Exchange Rate Rules | p. 101 |
Undervaluation | p. 104 |
Notes | p. 107 |
Devaluation and Inflation | p. 108 |
Exchange Rate Arrangements | p. 108 |
Exchange Rate Indicators | p. 114 |
How Does Devaluation Work? | p. 117 |
Assets Market Problems | p. 121 |
Devaluation and High Inflation | p. 122 |
Notes | p. 127 |
Multiple Exchange Rates, Capital Controls, and Commercial Policy | p. 128 |
Overview of Policy Alternatives | p. 129 |
Multiple Exchange Rates and Trade Taxes | p. 132 |
Quantitative Restrictions | p. 140 |
Capital Controls | p. 144 |
Dual Exchange Rates | p. 148 |
Conclusions | p. 154 |
Jamaica in the 1970s | p. 155 |
Capital Flight | p. 157 |
Black Markets for Foreign Exchange | p. 158 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 160 |
Notes | p. 163 |
Exchange Reserves as Shock Absorbers | p. 165 |
Reserve Composition | p. 167 |
Purpose of Holding Reserves | p. 172 |
The Norm for the Reserve Stock | p. 175 |
Speed of Adjustment | p. 178 |
Conclusions | p. 182 |
Glossary | p. 184 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 185 |
Notes | p. 185 |
External Borrowing and Debt Management | p. 187 |
History of Capital Movements | p. 188 |
The First Oil Price Shock | p. 196 |
The Second Oil Price Shock | p. 202 |
Coping with the Debt Crisis | p. 205 |
Prospects for New Capital Flows | p. 210 |
Policy Lessons | p. 217 |
Debt Dynamics | p. 220 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 221 |
Notes | p. 222 |
Opening Up: Liberalization with Stabilization | p. 223 |
Sequence of Liberalization Measures | p. 224 |
Liberalization of Trade | p. 230 |
Liberalization of Financial Markets | p. 237 |
Stabilization from High Inflation | p. 239 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 246 |
Notes | p. 247 |
Policymaking and Economic Policy in Small Developing Countries | p. 249 |
Some Simple Demographic Facts | p. 250 |
Demography's Hidden Curse | p. 251 |
Professionalism | p. 254 |
The Lessons of Experience | p. 256 |
Notes | p. 263 |
Country Studies | |
Argentina | p. 267 |
Foreign Terms of Trade and Commercial Policies | p. 271 |
Short-Term Cycles and the External Sector | p. 275 |
The Real Exchange Rate for Exports | p. 277 |
Speculation and Hyperinflation | p. 282 |
Notes | p. 283 |
Brazil | p. 285 |
From Coffee Valorization to External Debt | p. 285 |
Indexation Issues | p. 288 |
Balance of Payments Policies | p. 295 |
Conclusions | p. 304 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 306 |
Indonesia | p. 307 |
Historical Overview | p. 307 |
A Tale of Three Devaluations | p. 317 |
Trade Policy | p. 324 |
Conclusions | p. 328 |
The Real Exchange Rate and the Index of International Competitiveness | p. 329 |
Notes | p. 333 |
Korea | p. 336 |
Exports as an Engine of Growth | p. 337 |
Disadvantages of the Strategy | p. 341 |
Conclusions | p. 345 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 346 |
Notes | p. 347 |
Mexico | p. 348 |
From 1935 to 1982 | p. 348 |
Industrialization and Trade Policy | p. 355 |
Exchange Rates from the Mid-1920s to 1982 | p. 358 |
Budget Deficits and Inflation | p. 362 |
Recent Policies | p. 364 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 368 |
Notes | p. 369 |
Appendixes | |
Sources of Current Data | p. 373 |
National Accounting Identities | p. 375 |
Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product | p. 375 |
The Balance of Payments Equation | p. 380 |
Examples of the Basic Balance of Payments Equation | p. 384 |
Notes | p. 390 |
Real-Exchange-Rate Indexes | p. 392 |
Effective Protection | p. 398 |
Index | p. 405 |
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