| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Reliable Inquiry | p. 11 |
| Background Assumptions | p. 11 |
| Methods and Data Streams | p. 11 |
| Data Protocols | p. 14 |
| Truth and Global Underdetermination | p. 16 |
| The Philosophy of Global Underdetermination | p. 19 |
| The Philosophy of Local Underdetermination | p. 24 |
| Scientific Realism, Probability, and Subjunctives | p. 30 |
| The Logic of Reliable Inquiry | p. 35 |
| The Demons of Passive Observation | p. 38 |
| Introduction | p. 38 |
| Decidability with a Deadline | p. 42 |
| Decidability, Verifiability, and Refutability with Certainty | p. 48 |
| Verification, Refutation, and Decision in the Limit | p. 51 |
| Decision with n Mind Changes | p. 64 |
| Gradual Verification, Refutation, and Decision | p. 66 |
| Optimal Background Assumptions | p. 69 |
| Exercises | p. 71 |
| Topology and Ideal Hypothesis Assessment | p. 74 |
| Introduction | p. 74 |
| Basic Topological Concepts | p. 74 |
| The Baire Space | p. 78 |
| Restricted Topological Spaces | p. 83 |
| A Characterization of Bounded Sample Decidability | p. 83 |
| Characterizations of Certain Assessment | p. 85 |
| Characterizations of Limiting Assessment | p. 88 |
| Efficient Data Use | p. 96 |
| A Characterization of n-Mind-Change Decidability | p. 103 |
| A Demon-Oriented Characterization of n-Mind-Change Decidability | p. 108 |
| Characterizations of Gradual Assessment | p. 113 |
| The Levels of Underdetermination | p. 115 |
| Exercises | p. 117 |
| Reducibility and the Game of Science | p. 121 |
| Introduction | p. 121 |
| Ideal Inductive Methods as Continuous Operators on the Baire Space | p. 122 |
| Assessment as Reduction | p. 124 |
| Ideal Transcendental Deductions as Cnt-Completeness Theorems | p. 127 |
| Inductive Demons as Continuous Counterreductions | p. 128 |
| Science as a Limiting Game | p. 130 |
| Exercises | p. 136 |
| The Demons of Computability | p. 138 |
| Introduction | p. 138 |
| Church Meets Hume | p. 138 |
| Programs as Reliable Methods | p. 140 |
| The Arithmetical Hierarchy | p. 143 |
| Uncomputability and Diagonalization | p. 144 |
| The Demons of Uncomputability | p. 146 |
| Some Disanalogies | p. 155 |
| Exercises | p. 157 |
| Computers in Search of the Truth | p. 158 |
| Ideal Epistemology and Computability | p. 158 |
| Computation as Internalized Inductive Inquiry | p. 160 |
| The Arithmetical Hierarchy over the Baire Space | p. 162 |
| Universal Relations and Hierarchy Theorems | p. 165 |
| Characterization Theorems | p. 169 |
| Data-Minimal Computable Methods | p. 173 |
| The Empirical Irony of Cognitive Science | p. 175 |
| The Computable Assessment of Uncomputable Theories | p. 176 |
| Ideal Norms and Computational Disasters | p. 183 |
| Computable Inquiry | p. 186 |
| Exercises | p. 187 |
| So Much Time, Such Little Brains | p. 190 |
| Introduction | p. 190 |
| Finite State Automata | p. 191 |
| Regular Sets | p. 193 |
| Scientific Automata | p. 194 |
| Scientific Automata and Certainty | p. 194 |
| Scientific Automata in the Limit | p. 195 |
| Limiting Regular Expressions | p. 203 |
| [omega]-Expressions | p. 206 |
| The Inductive Power of Indeterminism | p. 208 |
| Primitive Recursion | p. 212 |
| The Empirical Irony of Cognitive Science Revisited | p. 214 |
| Exercises | p. 216 |
| The Logic of Ideal Discovery | p. 217 |
| Introduction | p. 217 |
| Basic Definitions | p. 219 |
| Assessment as Discovery | p. 222 |
| Conjectures and Refutations | p. 222 |
| A Complete Architecture for Discovery | p. 226 |
| Data-Minimal Limiting Discovery | p. 230 |
| Discovery with Bounded Mind Changes | p. 233 |
| A Characterization of Almost Stable Identification in the Limit | p. 234 |
| Unstable Identification in the Limit | p. 240 |
| Gradual Identification | p. 241 |
| Exercises | p. 244 |
| Computerized Discovery | p. 246 |
| Introduction | p. 246 |
| Computable Hypothesis Enumerations | p. 246 |
| Characterization | p. 252 |
| Function Identification | p. 253 |
| Cognitive Science Revisited | p. 258 |
| Exercises | p. 259 |
| Prediction | p. 260 |
| Introduction | p. 260 |
| Ideal Extrapolation | p. 260 |
| Computable Extrapolation | p. 262 |
| Exercises | p. 267 |
| Inquiry Concerning First-Order Theories | p. 269 |
| Introduction | p. 269 |
| Logical Hypothesis Assessment from Complete, True Data | p. 270 |
| Truth and Underdetermination | p. 272 |
| Quantifier Prefix Complexity | p. 273 |
| An Example | p. 274 |
| Data Complexity | p. 276 |
| Theories and Axiomatizations | p. 287 |
| Theory Discovery | p. 292 |
| Discovery and Vocabulary | p. 296 |
| Exercises | p. 301 |
| Probability and Reliability | p. 302 |
| Introduction | p. 302 |
| Conditionalization | p. 303 |
| Probabilistic Reliability | p. 317 |
| Countable Additivity | p. 321 |
| Probabilistic Reliability without Countable Additivity | p. 327 |
| Probabilistic Mathematics and Nonprobabilistic Science | p. 330 |
| Probabilistic Theories | p. 333 |
| Conclusion | p. 337 |
| Proofs of Propositions 13.18 and 13.20 | p. 338 |
| Exercises | p. 345 |
| Experiment and Causal Inference | p. 347 |
| Introduction | p. 347 |
| Systems | p. 348 |
| Causation and Manipulation | p. 352 |
| Variable Causation | p. 358 |
| Experimental Methods | p. 362 |
| The Course of Experimental Inquiry | p. 363 |
| Hypothesis Correctness and Background Knowledge | p. 364 |
| Experimental Reliability | p. 365 |
| Dreaming and the Principle of Plenitude | p. 366 |
| Weakened Assumptions and Global Underdetermination | p. 371 |
| Exercises | p. 374 |
| Relativism and Reliability | p. 376 |
| Introduction | p. 376 |
| Relativism, Truth, and Interpersonal Agreement | p. 380 |
| Relativistic Reliabilism | p. 383 |
| Functional vs. Metaphysical Relativism | p. 385 |
| Causal vs. Semantic Relativism | p. 386 |
| Acts, Scientists, and Worlds-in-Themselves | p. 387 |
| Transcendental Background Knowledge | p. 389 |
| The Course of Relativistic Inquiry | p. 389 |
| Relativistic Hypothesis Assessment | p. 390 |
| Relativistic Hypothesis Assessment as Nonrelativistic Discovery | p. 392 |
| Relativistic Theory Discovery | p. 393 |
| Whiggish Relativism | p. 396 |
| Exercises | p. 397 |
| Closing Conversation | p. 398 |
| References | p. 413 |
| Index | p. 419 |
| Index of Symbols | p. 432 |
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