The Law Officer's Pocket Manual

I. PURPOSE AND USE OF THIS MANUAL 1:1
II. THE POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTER 2:1
A. Police Activities That Require No Evidence of Wrongdoing 2:2
1. Routine Patrol 2:2
2. The Consensual Encounter 2:2
3. Community Caretaking Activities 2:4
4. Roadblock or Checkpoint Vehicle Stops 2:4
5. Canine Sniffs 2:7
B. Investigative Detention 2:8
1. What You Need to Make an Investigative Detention — Reasonable Suspicion 2:8
a. Personal Observation and Information Known to Other Officers 2:9
b. Tips from Informers 2:10
c. Pretext Stops 2:11
2. Conduct During Detention 2:11
a. The Terry Stop 2:12
b. The Terry Frisk 2:15
c. Plain Touch Seizures 2:16
d. Additional Officer Security Measures 2:18
3. Detention During Execution of a Warrant 2:19
4. Motor Vehicle Stops 2:21
a. Occupants of Vehicles 2:21
b. Duration of Motor Vehicle Stop 2:22
c. Luggage in Vehicles 2:23
5. Pursuit 2:24
6. High Speed Chases 2:25
III. IDENTIFICATIONS 3:1
A. In-Person Identifications 3:1
1. Right to Have Counsel Present 3:1
2. On-the-Scene Showups 3:2
3. Immediate Identification Demanded by a Suspect 3:3
4. Identification by Witness Without Police Participation 3:3
B. Photograph Identification 3:3
IV. ARREST 4:1
A. When an Arrest Takes Place 4:1
B. What You Need to Arrest—Probable Cause 4:2
1. Official Reports 4:4
2. Crime Victims or Witnesses 4:5
3. Reports From "Good Citizen" Informers 4:6
4. Anonymous, Paid, or Habitual Government Informers 4:6
5. Automobiles 4:9
6. Canine Sniffs 4:9
7. Defendant's Reputation or Past Record 4:10
C. Misdemeanor Arrests 4:10
D. Use of Force to Make an Arrest 4:10
E. When You Should Get an Arrest Warrant 4:11
F. When You Don't Need an Arrest Warrant 4:14
G. Constitutional Requirements of an Arrest Warrant 4:15
H. Requirements for Execution of an Arrest Warrant 4:17
I. Foreign Nationals 4:20
V. SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST 5:1
A. Automobile Searches 5:2
B. Time and Place 5:5
C. Plain View 5:7
D. "Sweep" of Premises Where Arrest Has Been Made 5:8
E. More Intrusive Searches 5:9
F. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Under Arrest 5:10
G. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Not Under Arrest 5:12
VI. INTERROGATION 6:1
A. When Warnings Should Be Given 6:2
1. "In Custody" 6:2
2. "Interrogation" 6:5
B. When Warnings Are Not Necessary 6:6
C. Miranda Warnings 6:10
D. When to Repeat the Warnings 6:12
E. Interrogating Juveniles 6:13
F. The Suspect's Answer 6:13
G. Questioning 6:22
H. Belated Warnings 6:24
I. Exceptions to Miranda's Exclusionary Rule 6:25
J. Dealing with a Formally Charged Suspect 6:26
VII. SEARCH AND SEIZURE 7:1
A. Search Without a Warrant 7:3
1. Search Incident to Arrest 7:3
2. Automobile Searches 7:4
3. Emergencies and Exigent Circumstances 7:7
4. Hot Pursuit 7:9
5. Consent 7:10
6. Administrative Searches 7:16
7. Probation and Parole Searches 7:16
B. "Searches" That Aren't Really Searches 7:17
1. Abandoned Property 7:17
2. Open Fields 7:18
3. Aerial Surveillance 7:19
4. Public Places, "Open View" 7:20
5. "Plain View" 7:20
6. "Plain Touch" 7:21
7. Private Searches 7:22
8. Chemical Field Tests and Blood Alcohol Tests 7:23
9. Canine Sniffs 7:24
C. Search with Warrant 7:24
1. Probable Cause 7:24
2. Constitutional Requirements for Search Warrants 7:25
a. Particularity of Description 7:26
b. Anticipatory Search Warrants 7:27
c. Computers and Other Special Cases 7:28
d. Prompt Execution of Warrant 7:29
e. Unannounced Execution of Warrant 7:29
f. Damaging Property 7:30
g. Items Not Mentioned in Warrant 7:31
h. Mistake 7:31
3. Oral Applications for Search Warrants 7:32
4. Media Presence 7:34
D. Automobile Inventories 7:34
E. Inventories of Arrestees 7:35
F. Administrative Search Warrants 7:36
G. Computers and Other Electronic Devices 7:38
1. Warrantless Searches and Seizures 7:39
2. Getting a Warrant 7:41
3. Seizing Electronic Devices 7:41
4. Searching Electronic Devices 7:42
H. The Exclusionary Rule 7:43
VIII. SURVEILLANCE AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE 8:1
Part I. Surveillance 8:1
A. Police Surveillance Without Electronic Devices 8:1
B. Electronic Surveillance of Communications 8:4
C. Electronic Devices That Do Not Intercept Communications 8:6
1. Pen Registers 8:6
2. Tracking Devices 8:6
3. Heat-Sensing Devices 8:8
Part II. Preservation of Evidence 8:8
IX. ENTRAPMENT 9:1
X. DISABLED PERSONS 10:1
A. Assessing the Condition of Persons Who Are Not Fully Conscious or Able to Communicate 10:1
B. Arresting Persons with Disabilities 10:2
C. Communicating with Disabled Persons 10:3
XI. CASE REFERENCES 11:1