The Girmitiya Diaspora

List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
Glossary xi
A Note on Terminology xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction: The Girmitiyas 1
1.1 Three Issues 3
1.2 Previous Studies 5
1.3 Methodological Notes 7
2 Ethnogenesis: A Conceptual Model 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 The Ethnic Group: Basic Concepts 12
2.3 Latent Ethnicity 15
2.4 Practices and Institutions 18
2.5 Rural and Urban Ethnogenesis 20
2.6 Race and Ethnic Politics 23
2.7 Diaspora: Sameness and Diversity 25
2.8 The Conceptual Model 29
3 India: Emigration of Latent Ethnicity 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 The Migration Culture 34
3.3 Agricultural Human Capital 41
3.4 The Recruitment and Emigration 44
3.5 Demographics of the Labourers 52
3.6 Settling in the Colony 57
3.7 Specificities 59

4 Suriname: Unity in Diversity 62
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 The Immigrants 64
4.3 The Decline of the Plantations 67
4.4 Colonisation Policy 69
4.5 Ethnic Institutions 73
4.6 Group-wise Integration 79
4.7 Transnational Ethnogenesis 85
4.8 Specificities 88
5 Guyana: A Creolised Community 91
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Immigration 93
5.3 Hybrid Peasantisation 97
5.4 Political Polarisation 101
5.5 Creolised Ethnicity 104
5.6 Indo-Guyanese Politics 109
5.7 Diverse Transnationalism 116
5.8 Specificities 120
6 Mauritius: Ethnogenesis Amid Diversity 123
6.1 Introduction 124
6.2 The Indian Population 125
6.3 Workers and Plantations 128
6.4 Morcellement as Peasantisation 131
6.5 Diverse Ethnogenesis 137
6.6 Political Domination 142
6.7 Chota Bharat 147
6.8 Specificities 151
7 Fiji: Fragmented Communities 153
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Immigration 155
7.3 The Land Issue 158
7.4 Homesteads/Dispersion 162
7.5 Fragmented Ethnogenesis 165
7.6 Democracy Curtailed 172
7.7 Diaspora Bonding 177
7.8 Specificities 180

8 Girmitiya Communities in Diaspora 182
8.1 Introduction 182
8.2 Preconditions 183
8.3 Institutional Variations 186
8.4 Patterns of Integration 189
8.5 Diaspora Bonding 192
8.6 Conclusion 195
9 Same Yet Different 197
References 202
Index 214