| Studies in Middle Eastern History | p. ii |
| Preface | p. vii |
| Abbreviations | p. xv |
| The Fertile Crescent in the Middle Eastern Economy | p. 3 |
| General and Social Developments | p. 9 |
| Syria Under Egyptian Rule, 1831-1840 | p. 39 |
| The Costs of Civil Strife, 1845-1860 | p. 45 |
| Peasant Uprisings in Lebanon, 1840s-1850s | p. 48 |
| Cholera, 1865 | p. 51 |
| Education in Lebanon, 1869 | p. 54 |
| Working-Class Conditions, 1838, 1873 | p. 55 |
| Problems of Development of Syria, 1878 | p. 56 |
| Tribes in the Syrian Desert, 1880 | p. 59 |
| Sanjaq of Dayr al-Zur, 1881 | p. 61 |
| Agriculture and Industry in Hama Region, 1883 | p. 65 |
| Education in Syria, 1885 | p. 67 |
| Syrian Emigrants to America, 1904 | p. 71 |
| Report on the Vilayet of Aleppo, 1890 Estimate of Populations | p. 73 |
| Agriculture and Textiles of Damascus, 1879 | p. 78 |
| Mutasarriflik of Hama, 1911 | p. 84 |
| Economic and Social Innovations in Aleppo, 1853-1914 | p. 87 |
| Men's Daily Wages in Syria, 1820-1915 | p. 91 |
| Mosul, 1750-1800 | p. 93 |
| Iraq in 1800 | p. 97 |
| Plagues in Iraq, 1689-1877 | p. 99 |
| Plagues and Floods in Baghdad, 1822 and 1831 | p. 101 |
| Flood of Tigris at Baghdad, 1840-1907 | p. 105 |
| Piracy on the Euphrates, Disturbances at Basra, 1820 | p. 105 |
| Iraq Under Dawud Pasha, 1817-1831 | p. 107 |
| Request for Physician and Arms in Baghdad, Introduction of Vaccination, 1824 | p. 111 |
| Pashalik of Baghdad, 1851 | p. 113 |
| Conditions TAlong Proposed Telegraph Route, 1856 | p. 114 |
| Midhat Pasha's Reforms, 1869-1872 | p. 116 |
| Floods in Iraq, 1894 | p. 122 |
| Baghdad in 1908 | p. 123 |
| Trade | p. 127 |
| Trade of Alexandretta (aleppo) | p. 152 |
| Trade of Beirut | p. 154 |
| Trade of Damascus | p. 156 |
| Trade of Jaffaa | p. 157 |
| Trade of Aleppo, 18th Century | p. 158 |
| Trade of Damascus, 1825 | p. 159 |
| Trade of Beirut, 1838 | p. 162 |
| British Trade and the Rise of Beirut, 1830-1860 | p. 163 |
| Trade and Handicrafts of Aleppo, 1855 | p. 168 |
| Trade of Jaffa, 1899 | p. 171 |
| Trade of Baghdada | p. 173 |
| Trade of Basra | p. 174 |
| Trade of Mosul | p. 175 |
| Trade of Iraq, 1790s | p. 178 |
| Complaints of Imam of Musqat Regarding Basra Customs, 1801 | p. 185 |
| Tariffs in Iraq, Aleppo, and Constantinople, 1810 | p. 186 |
| Trade of Basra and Baghdad, 1814 | p. 187 |
| Trade of Baghdad, 1824 | p. 189 |
| Merchandise Trade and Money Transactions of Basra, 1845-1846 | p. 190 |
| Slave Trade, Basra, 1847 | p. 192 |
| Trade of Mosul, 1858 | p. 193 |
| Trade, Shipping, Currency, and Prices in Basra, 1859 | p. 195 |
| Value, Quantity, and Price of Main Exports and Imports, 1864-1958 | p. 199 |
| Transport | p. 203 |
| Damascus--Baghdad Caravans, 1847 | p. 224 |
| Steam Navigation along the Syrian Coast, 1859 | p. 227 |
| Project for Port of Beirut, 1868 | p. 229 |
| Alexandretta-Aleppo-Birejik Road, 1868-1881 | p. 231 |
| Transport Costs, 1883 | p. 234 |
| Land Transport in Syria, End of 19th Century | p. 235 |
| Hajj Caravan, 1903 | p. 236 |
| Alexandretta Port and Roads, 1899, 1903 | p. 239 |
| Navigation on the Euphrates, 1903 | p. 240 |
| Hijaz Railway, 1906 | p. 242 |
| Gulf Shipping in Bombay, 1804 | p. 246 |
| Baghdad-Aleppo and Damascus Caravan, 1850s | p. 247 |
| Government Steamers on Tigris, 1904 | p. 249 |
| German Views on Baghdad Railway, 1902 | p. 253 |
| Baghdad Railway: British Interests and Views, 1907 | p. 257 |
| Shipping in Basra and the Persian Gulf, 1864-1910 | p. 259 |
| Means of Transportation in Iraq, 1912 | p. 262 |
| Agriculture | p. 269 |
| Lebanese Agriculture, 1850s | p. 290 |
| Sponge Fishing, 1839 | p. 296 |
| Tobacco Cultivation, 1843 | p. 298 |
| Sheep Raising, Damascus Region, 1851 | p. 301 |
| Potential for Agricultural Development in Syria, 1855 | p. 302 |
| Silk in Lebanon and Syria, 1852, 1879, 1900 | p. 305 |
| Cotton in Aleppo Region, 1864 | p. 307 |
| Agriculture, 1871 | p. 308 |
| Problems of Agricultural Development, 1878 | p. 310 |
| Hauran Wheat, 1897 | p. 311 |
| Winemaking in Central Syria, 1898 | p. 312 |
| German Settlements in Palestine, 1902 | p. 313 |
| Grain Production of Southern Syria, 1901 | p. 313 |
| Latakia Region, 1903 | p. 314 |
| Two Farms in Palestine, 1905 | p. 315 |
| Olives in the Haifa Region, 1910 | p. 319 |
| Silk in Lebanon, 1914 | p. 320 |
| Trade with the Beduins, 1914 | p. 325 |
| Changes in Landownership in the Ghuta of Damascus, 19th and 20th Centuries | p. 329 |
| Land Tenure in Syria | p. 330 |
| A European-Owned Farm in Palestine, 1869-1923 | p. 332 |
| An Early Jewish Settlement: Petah Tikva, 1878-1918 | p. 337 |
| Agriculture in Kurdistan, 1820 | p. 343 |
| Wool Trade of Iraq, 1860 | p. 343 |
| Prospects for Cotton Cultivation, 1863 | p. 347 |
| Agriculture in Iraq, 1865 | p. 348 |
| Hindiyya Dam, 1888-1890 | p. 350 |
| Irrigation in Iraq, 1907 | p. 353 |
| Irrigation Schemes, 1911 | p. 356 |
| Irrigation Projects, Iraq, 1914 | p. 358 |
| Agricultural Production and Potential, 1919 | p. 359 |
| Land Tenure | p. 363 |
| Industry | p. 367 |
| Handicrafts in Lebanon, 1835 | p. 382 |
| Weaving Industry in Damascus, 1850, 1863 | p. 383 |
| Handicrafts in Aleppo, 1870 | p. 386 |
| Innovations in Damascus Weaving, 1850s-1870s | p. 387 |
| Effect of Westernization on Crafts and Trades in Damascus, 1891 | p. 388 |
| Silk Handlooms in Damascus, 1902 | p. 392 |
| Mines in Aleppo Vilayet, 1902 | p. 393 |
| Textile Handicrafts in Baghdad, 1842 | p. 395 |
| Handicrafts, Industry, and Working-Class Conditions | p. 396 |
| Handlooms in Baghdad, 1907 | p. 400 |
| Petroleum Production, 1871 | p. 402 |
| Oil Showings, 1914 | p. 403 |
| Prospects of Petroleum in Baghdad Vilayet, 1918 | p. 404 |
| Finance and Public Finance | p. 407 |
| Price of Wheat in Syria, 1756-1913 | p. 423 |
| Prices of Foodstuffs in Syria, 1756-1912 | p. 427 |
| Money Market in Aleppo, 1801 | p. 429 |
| Government Revenue and Expenditure, 1841 | p. 431 |
| Fiscal Policy and the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention | p. 432 |
| Revenues and Tithes of Syrian Provinces, 1833-1914 | p. 435 |
| Finances of Aleppo, 1858 | p. 437 |
| Finances of Damascus, 1858 | p. 440 |
| Finances of Beirut, 1858 | p. 443 |
| Budget of Damascus, 1895-1896 | p. 446 |
| Tax Revenue of Damascus, 1882-1885 | p. 446 |
| Budget of Aleppo, 1902 | p. 448 |
| Revenues and Tithes of Iraqi Provinces, 1839-1911 | p. 450 |
| Revenues and Economic Conditions in Mosul, 1845 | p. 451 |
| Attempt to Control the Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1848 | p. 457 |
| Monopolies, Taxes, and Extortion in Baghdad, 1848 | p. 459 |
| Duties on Transport and Export of Grain, 1857 | p. 461 |
| Tithes in Mosul Province, 1863 | p. 462 |
| Abolition of Certain Monopolies, 1863 | p. 463 |
| A Conservative and Nationalist Governor, 1866 | p. 464 |
| Midhat Pasha's Land Tax Reforms, 1869-1872 | p. 465 |
| Banking in Baghdad, 1907 | p. 469 |
| Tax Collection on Land and Other Sources, 1908 | p. 470 |
| Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1855-1914 | p. 475 |
| Price of Foodstuffs in Iraq, 1855-1865 | p. 476 |
| Appendix: Weights and Measures | p. 477 |
| Bibliography | p. 481 |
| Index of Subjects | p. 495 |
| Index of Places and Peoples | p. 499 |
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