Preface ix
Acknowledgement xi
Part 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 What is expert evidence? 4
1.3 The expanding role of the expert witness 5
1.4 What makes a good expert witness? 7
1.5 What is an expert witness and what is an expert witness used for? 10
1.6 Duties of the expert witness 16
1.7 Use of expert evidence 19
1.8 Summary 21
2 Independence and Duties 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Duties of expert witnesses 23
2.3 Partiality and impartiality 26
2.4 Failings in obligations 28
2.5 Investigations 29
2.6 Conflict of interest 30
2.7 Those giving instructions 33
2.8 Summary - nature of the conflicting duty 35
3 Roles in Different Forums 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Litigation 38
3.3 Arbitration 44
3.4 Adjudication 45
3.5 Mediation 47
3.6 Expert determination 48
3.7 Informal processes 49
3.8 Summary 50
4 Different Types of Expert 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 The expert witness 51
4.3 The expert advisor 51
4.4 Tribunal-appointed experts 56
4.5 The single joint expert 62
4.6 Assessors 81
4.7 Expert determination 83
4.8 Expert evaluation 91
4.9 ICC expertise rules 92
4.10 The advocate and expert witness 94
5 Procedural Rules, Evidential Rules and Professional Codes 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Civil Procedure Rules 96
5.3 Domestic arbitration 105
5.4 International arbitration 112
5.5 The IBA Rules of Evidence 120
5.6 Professional institute rules 124
5.7 Summary 128
6 The International Dimension 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 What is international? 130
6.3 General issues arising 130
6.4 Key differences in approach 131
6.5 International legal issues 134
6.6 International application of professional standards 135
Part 2
7 Selection and Appointment 139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Pre-appointment 142
7.3 Availability 145
7.4 Expert witness interviews 146
7.5 Terms and conditions 150
7.6 Fees and getting paid 151
7.7 Instructions 154
7.8 Ending the appointment 161
7.9 Summary 164
8 Obtaining Information 165
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 Litigation 166
8.3 Domestic arbitration 166
8.4 International arbitration 167
8.5 Getting started 169
8.6 Focusing in on the issues 172
8.7 Electronic disclosure 174
8.8 Further documents and disclosure 174
8.9 Other experts 175
8.10 Redfern Schedules 177
8.11 At the trial or hearing 178
8.12 Access to the site and property 179
8.13 Translation of documents 179
8.14 Other problem areas 180
8.15 The expert report 182
8.16 Summary 182
9 Writing Reports 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Where to start 184
9.3 Duty to the tribunal 186
9.4 Independent opinions 187
9.5 Writing the report 193
9.6 Structure, layout, contents 198
9.7 The expert's qualifications 204
9.8 Use of assistants 208
9.9 All sources shown 212
9.10 Facts and instructions relied upon 214
9.11 Accurate and complete 217
9.12 Sampling 219
9.13 Instructions received 221
9.14 Joint briefs or terms of reference 223
9.15 Qualifications or ranges of opinions 225
9.16 Report conclusions 227
9.17 Statement of truth 227
9.18 Declarations 228
9.19 Questions on an expert report 230
10 Meetings of Experts 233
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Purpose 238
10.3 Timing 241
10.4 Agenda 243
10.5 How to record and report on the meeting 249
10.6 Producing a joint statement 252
10.7 Binding effect of experts' agreements 258
10.8 Attendance of lawyers 264
10.9 Involving a tribunal expert/facilitator/manager 266
10.10 Attendance of the arbitrator 269
10.11 A change of expert 271
10.12 Conclusions 274
11 Giving Evidence 275
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Will oral evidence be taken? 277
11.3 Preparation before the hearing 279
11.4 Split hearings 285
11.5 Giving evidence at the hearing 288
11.6 Modern technology 291
11.7 Examination-in-chief 293
11.8 Cross-examination 294
11.9 Tribunal examination 297
11.10 Re-examination 298
11.11 'In purdah' 298
11.12 'Hot tubbing' 299
11.13 Tribunal- and jointly-appointed experts 306
11.14 Ex-parte proceedings 307
11.15 Post-hearing activities 308
12 Liability and Immunity 311
12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 How could liability arise? 311
12.3 General immunity as it has been historically 313
12.4 Erosion of the general position 314
12.5 Current expert liability (for what and to whom) 315
12.6 The facts of Jones v Kaney 316
12.7 The main judgment 317
12.8 Issues for experts to consider 322
12.9 Likely future developments 322
Appendix 1 Useful Websites for Further Information and Common Abbreviations 325
Appendix 2 Tables Comparing Rules for Different Types of Expert Involvement 327
Appendix 3 Typical Tribunal Order for 'Hot Tubbing' 345
Index
