The Design and Analysis of Research Studies

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Paperback | 13 July 1992

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372 Pages

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This book provides students and research workers in the biological, medical and social sciences with the statistical background needed to collect and analyse data in an intelligent and critical manner. Key examples and case studies are used to illustrate commonly encountered research problems and to explain how they may be solved or even avoided altogether. Professor Manly also presents a clear understanding of the opportunities and limitations of different research designs, as well as an introduction to some new methods of analysis that are proving increasingly popular. Topics covered include the differences between observational and experimental studies; the design of sample surveys; multiple regression and its generalizations to log-linear and logistic models; experimental and quasi-experimental designs; interrupted time series; computer intensive methods of statistical inference; and the ethical considerations of research. In the final chapter, there is a useful discussion of how the various components of a research study (including deciding on the objectives, planning, designing, and the collection and analysis of data) come together. This practical and well-structured book will be essential reading for graduate students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, including biology, anthropology, medicine and the social sciences.

Industry Reviews

' ... of lasting appeal to graduate students and others who need clear guidance on the planning of experiments and their statistical interpretation.' B. Dixon, Biologist ' ... a stimulating book.' Biometrics

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Non-Fiction Medicine Medicine in General Medical Equipment & Techniques Medical Research Science Science in General Sociology & Anthropology Biology, Life Sciences Education Higher & Further Education Teacher Training

Preface	p. xv
Preview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Different types of research study	p. 1
Bias and confounding in observational studies	p. 4
The sample survey	p. 12
Data analysis	p. 12
Experiments and quasi-experiments	p. 13
Ethical considerations	p. 15
Planning and carrying out a research study	p. 16
The sample survey	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Simple random sampling	p. 19
The distribution of sample means	p. 20
Estimation of totals and proportions	p. 23
Determining sample sizes with simple random sampling	p. 26
Stratified sampling	p. 28
Sample size allocation for stratified samples	p. 30
Stratified sampling for proportions	p. 32
Poststratification	p. 33
Quota sampling	p. 34
Ratio and regression estimation	p. 34
Cluster sampling	p. 37
Systematic sampling	p. 38
Multi-stage sampling	p. 39
Non-sampling errors	p. 40
Biased procedures	p. 41
Bias introduced during data collection	p. 42
Processing errors	p. 43
Methods of data collection	p. 43
Designing a questionnaire	p. 44
Summary and further reading	p. 46
Exercises	p. 47
The 1989 Mayoral election in Dunedin	p. 47
Checklist for planning a sample survey	p. 57
Other sampling designs	p. 58
Introduction	p. 58
Mark--recapture sampling	p. 58
Removal sampling	p. 62
Transect sampling	p. 66
Size-biased sampling	p. 66
Sampling positions of objects in space	p. 68
Distance-based methods	p. 70
Quadrat counts	p. 75
Sampling of quadrats	p. 77
Summary and further reading	p. 78
Exercises	p. 79
Estimating the size of a population of mice	p. 79
Site location in prehistoric Thailand	p. 82
The linear regression model	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
The simple linear regression model	p. 87
Estimation and tests with simple linear regression	p. 88
Multiple linear regression	p. 92
The extra sum of squares principle	p. 94
Assessing the assumptions of a regression model	p. 98
Residual plots	p. 100
Tests on residuals	p. 107
The Durbin--Watson test	p. 108
Summary and further reading	p. 112
Exercises	p. 113
The loss of sales in a store due to a fire	p. 120
Experimental designs to assess the effect of a treatment	p. 132
Introduction	p. 132
External and internal validity	p. 133
Pseudoreplication	p. 135
The one-group pretest--posttest design	p. 137
The static group comparison	p. 138
The importance of a comparable control group	p. 139
Regression to the mean	p. 140
The comparative posttest design	p. 142
The comparative change design	p. 144
The comparative change design without randomization	p. 148
The regression discontinuity design	p. 148
Regression adjustments for confounding variables	p. 152
Matching	p. 156
Summary and further reading	p. 161
Exercises	p. 161
The Lanarkshire milk experiment	p. 163
Interrupted time series	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Analysis with the interrupted time series design	p. 168
Analysis with the comparative time series design	p. 175
Summary and further reading	p. 177
Exercises	p. 178
Fluoridation in Birmingham	p. 182
More advanced experimental designs	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Factorial experiments and the analysis of variance	p. 188
Some general considerations	p. 194
Transformation of data	p. 199
Experiments with three or more factors	p. 201
Higher order interactions	p. 204
Blocking	p. 205
Latin squares	p. 208
Nested factors	p. 209
Split-plot experiments in agricultural research	p. 210
Other uses of the split-plot design	p. 213
Repeated measures experiments	p. 215
The assumption of compound symmetry	p. 217
Analysis of variance by multiple regression	p. 219
Ancillary analyses	p. 224
Summary and further reading	p. 225
Exercises	p. 225
An experiment on lockstitch seams	p. 227
Some special types of data	p. 234
Introduction	p. 234
The analysis of count data	p. 236
Chi-squared tests on count data	p. 237
McNemar's test for correlated proportions	p. 242
Log-linear models	p. 244
Extraneous variance	p. 252
Using base rates	p. 253
The analysis of proportion data	p. 255
Survival data	p. 261
Generalized linear modelling	p. 263
Multivariate data	p. 264
Summary and further reading	p. 266
Exercises	p. 267
The location of prehistoric Maya sites	p. 270
Computer intensive statistics	p. 286
Introduction	p. 286
Randomization tests	p. 288
Determining the number of randomizations required	p. 292
Confidence limits by randomization	p. 293
Monte Carlo tests	p. 294
Jackknifing	p. 298
Bootstrapping	p. 302
Summary and further reading	p. 304
Exercise	p. 305
The solar activity cycle in the past	p. 305
Ethical considerations	p. 312
Introduction	p. 312
Obligations to society	p. 312
Obligations to funders and employers	p. 313
Obligations to colleagues	p. 314
Obligations to human subjects	p. 314
Experiments on animals	p. 316
Summary and further reading	p. 316
A clinical trial on ECMO	p. 317
Synthesis: carrying out a research study	p. 321
Introduction	p. 321
Deciding on objectives	p. 321
Planning the collection of data	p. 324
Sample size determination	p. 325
Collecting data	p. 334
Analysing data	p. 334
The research report	p. 335
References	p. 336
Author index	p. 345
Subject index	p. 348
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

The Design and Analysis of Research Studies

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

Shipping

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You Can Find This Book In

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