Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design

1. General Aspects of Aircraft Configuration Development.- 2. The General Arrangement.- 3. Fuselage Design.- 4. An Appreciation of Subsonic Engine Technology.- 5. Design for Performance.- 6. Choice of the Engine and Propeller and Installation of the Powerplant.- 7. An Introduction to Wing Design.- 8. Airplane Weight and Balance.- 9. Preliminary Tailplane Design.- 10. The Undercarriage Layout.- 11. Analysis of Aerodynamic and Operational Characteristics.- 12. Evaluation and Presentation of a Preliminary Design.- References.- Appendix A. Definitions Relating to the Geometry and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils.- A-1. General.- A-2. Wing sections.- A-2.1. Geometric definitions.- A-2.2. Aerodynamic definitions.- A-2.3. Nomenclature for some NACA sections.- A-3. Wings.- A-3.1. Wing planform.- A-3.2. (Wing) twist and incidence.- A-3.3. Aerodynamic definitions.- References.- Appendix B. The Computation of Circumferences, Areas and Volumes of Curves, Sections and Bodies.- B-1. Fuselage.- B-1.1. General method.- B-1.2. Quick method for bodies of revolution.- B-2. Wings and tailplanes.- B-3. Fuel tank volume.- B-4. Engine nacelles and air ducts.- References.- Appendix C. Prediction of Wing Structural Weight.- C-1. Introduction.- C-2. Basic wing structure weight.- C-3. High lift devices, spoilers and speedbrakes.- C-4. Wing group weight.- Appendix D. The Weight Penalty Method for Fuselage Structural Weight Prediction.- D-1. Survey of the methodology.- D-2. Gross shell weight.- D-2.1. Gross skin weight.- D-2.2. Gross stringer and longeron weight.- D-2.3. Gross standard frame weight.- D-3. Gross shell modifications.- D-3.1. Removed material.- D-3.2. Doors, hatches, windows and enclosures.- D-4. Flooring.- D-4.1. Passenger cabin and freight hold floors.- D-4.2. Various other floors.- D-5. Pressure bulkheads and frames.- D-5.1. Pressure cabin bulkheads.- D-5.2. Wheelbays for retractable undercarriages.- D-6. Support structure.- D-6.1. Wing/fuselage connection.- D-6.2. Engine support structure.- D-6.3. Other support structures.- D-7. Additional weight items.- References.- Appendix E. Prediction Methods for Lift and Pitching Moment of Aircraft in the En Route Configuration.- E-1. Applicability of the methods.- E-2. Contributions to the lift.- E-3. Lifting properties of airfoil sections.- E-3.1. The zero-lift angle.- E-3.2. Lift-curve slope.- E-3.3. Maximum lift.- E-4. Wing lift and lift distribution.- E-4.1. Lift-curve slope.- E-4.2. Spanwise lift distribution.- E-4.3. Zero-lift angle.- E-4.4. Maximum lift.- E-5. Pitching moment of the wing.- E-5.1. Aerodynamic center.- E-6. Wing/fuselage interference effects on lift.- E-7. Wing/fuselage pitching moment.- E-7.1. Aerodynamic center.- E-8. Nacelle and propeller contributions.- E-9. Lift of the complete aircraft.- E-9.1. Tailplane lift.- E-9.2. Total trimmed airplane lift.- E-9.3. Wing/body incidence.- E-9.4. Trimmed lift curve.- E-10. Airplane pitching moment and neutral point (stick fixed).- E-10.1. The stick-fixed neutral point.- E-10.2. Horizontal stabilizer incidence.- E-10.3. Pitching moment curve.- References.- Appendix F. Prediction of the Airplane Polar at Subcritical Speeds in the En Route Configuration.- F-1. Drag components.- F-2. Primary components of vortex-induced drag.- F-2.1. Untwisted plane wings.- F-2.2. Drag due to twist.- F-2.3. Wing tip correction on vortex-induced drag.- F-2.4. Vortex drag induced by fuselage lift.- F-2.5. Nacelle contribution.- F-2.6. Horizontal tailplane contribution.- F-3. Profile drag of smooth, isolated major components.- F-3.1. The flat plate analogy.- F-3.2. Wing sections.- F-3.3. Wings.- F-3.4. Fuselages and tail booms.- F-3.5. Engine nacelles.- F-3.6. Tailplane profile drag.- F-4. Subcritical interference effects and corrections.- F-4.1. Wetted area corrections.- F-4.2. Wing/fuselage interference.- F-4.3. Nacelle/airframe interference.- F-4.4. Tailplane/airframe interference.- F-5. Protuberances, surface imperfections and other extra's.- F-5.1. Fixed undercarriages.- F-5.2. Canopies and windshields.- F-5.3. Wheel-well fairings and blisters.- F-5.4. External fuel tanks.- F-5.5. Streamlined struts.- F-5.6. Powerplant installation drag.- F-5.7. Excrescences, surface imperfections and other extra's.- References.- Appendix G. Prediction of Lift and Drag in The Low-Speed Configuration.- G-1. Introduction.- G-2. Effect of trailing-edge flap deflection on airfoil section lift.- G-2.1. General aspects.- G-2.2. Lift increment at zero angle of attack.- G-2.3. Maximum lift coefficient.- G-2.4. Lift-curve slope.- G-3. Lift of aircraft with deflected trailing-edge flaps.- G-3.1. Wing lift.- G-3.2. Various contributions.- G-3.3. Contribution of the horizontal tailplane.- G-4. Prediction of the low-speed drag polar.- G-4.1. Profile drag.- G-4.2. Vortex-induced drag.- G-4.3. Trim drag.- G-5. Leading-edge high-lift devices.- G-5.!.. Sections with plain leading-edge flaps.- G-5.2. Sections with slats and Krueger flaps.- G-5.3. Wing lift with leading-edge devices.- G-5.4. Drag due to leading-edge devices.- G-6. Drag due to extension of a retractable undercarriage.- G-7. Ground effects.- G-7.1. Ground effect on lift.- G-7.2. Ground effect on drag.- G-8. Drag due to engine failure.- G-8.1. Engine windmilling drag.- G-8.2. Propeller drag.- G-8.3. Drag due to the asymmetric flight condition.- References.- Appendix H. Procedures for Computing Turbo-Engine Performance for Aircraft Project Design Work.- H-1. Scope of the method.- H-2. The gas generator.- H-3. Specific performance of straight jet engines.- H-4. Specific performance of turbofan engines.- H-5. Thrust lapse rates, intake and exhaust areas of turbojet and turbofan engines.- H-6. Specific performance of turboprop engines.- H-7. Cycle efficiencies and pressure losses.- References.- Appendix J. Principal Data of the Us and Icao Standard Atmospheres.- Appendix K. The Definition and Calculation of the Takeoff Field Length Required for Civil Transport Aircraft.- K-1. Reference distance definitions.- K-2. Reference speeds.- K-3. Procedure for determining the takeoff field length.- K-4. Methods and data for the analysis of the takeoff.- K-4.3. The rotation phase.- K-4.4. The airborne phase.- K-4.5. The stopping distance.- References.