Synthese Library

I / The Origin and Development of the Lvov-Warsaw School.- 1. The Rise of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the Periods in its Development.- 2. Kazimierz Twardowski and the Lvov Stage.- 3. The Lvov-Warsaw School Between the World Wars.- 4. World War II and the Post-1945 Period.- 5. The Typical Philosopher of the Lvov-Warsaw School.- Photographs.- II / Some Philosophical Views of Kazimierz Twardowski.- 1. Twardowski and the Philosophical Tradition.- 2. The Conception of Philosophy.- 3. Psychologism.- 4. Twardowski on Language.- 5. Twardowski on Truth.- 6. Analysis of the Word 'Nothing'.- 7. Problems in the Theory of Science.- 7.1. The Concept of Reasoning.- 7.2. A Priori (Rational, Deductive) versus A Posteriori (Empirical, Inductive) Sciences.- 7.3. The Humanities.- 8. Conclusion.- III / The Conception of Philosophy in the Lvov-Warsaw School.- 1. ?ukasiewicz.- 2. Kotarbi?ski.- 3. Ajdukiewicz.- 4. Cze?owski.- 5. Conclusion.- IV / The Development of Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School: The Warsaw School of Logic.- 1. A Concise History of Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School.- 2. Sociological Comments on the Warsaw School of Logic.- 3. General Remarks on the Further Chapters on Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School.- V / The Classical Sentential Calculus.- 1. ?ukasiewicz's Parenthesis-Free Symbolism and his Criteria of Construction of Logical Systems.- 2. The Functionally Complete Classical Sentential Calculus - Axiomatic Approaches.- 3. Partial Sentential Calculi.- 4. The Sentential Calculus with Variable Functors.- 5. Ja?kowski's System of Natural Deduction.- 6. The Metalogic of the Sentential Calculus.- 7. Addenda. Concluding Remarks.- VI / Non-Classical Logics.- 1. Many-Valued Logics.- 2. Modal Logic.- 3. Intuitionistic Logic.- 4. Ja?kowski's Discursive Logic.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- VII / Le?niewski's Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intuitive Formalism.- 3. Semantic Categories and Constructive Nominalism.- 4. Some Formal Properties of Le?niewski's Systems.- 5. Protothetic.- 6. Ontology.- 7. Mereology.- 8. The Controversy over Le?niewski. Conclusion.- VIII / Metamathematics, the Foundations of Mathematics and the Semantic Conception of Truth.- 1. Metamathematics.- 2. Tarski's Semantic Theory of Truth. An Introduction.- 3. The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Formal Aspect.- 4. The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Philosophical Aspect.- 5. The General Conception of Semantics.- IX / History of Logic and Interpretations of Traditional Logic. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics.- 1. History of Logic.- 2. Interpretations of Traditional Logic.- 3. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics.- 3.1. The Warsaw School and the Main Trends in the Philosophy of Mathematics in the 20th Century.- 3.2. The Critique of Psychologism.- 3.3. Nominalism.- 3.4. Logic and Mathematics versus Reality.- 3.5. Concluding Remarks.- X / Logic, Semantics and Cognition: The Epistemology of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz.- 1. The Conception of Meaning.- 2. Radical Conventionalism.- 3. Rejection of Radical Conventionalism.- 4. Toward Radical Empiricism.- 5. Semantics, Epistemology, Ontology.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- XI / Logic, Semantics and the World: The Ontology of Tadeusz Kotarbi?ski.- 1. Genuine and Apparent Names.- 2. Ontological Reism: The Basic Thesis.- 3. The Problem of the Interpretation of the Fundamental Thesis of Reism.- 4. Pansomatism and Radical Realism.- 5. Reism and Materialism.- 6. Why Reism?.- 7. The Troubles of Reism.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- Appendix to Chapters X - XI / Further Epistemological and Ontological Problems Discussed in the Lvov-Warsaw School.- 1. Scepticism.- 2. Foundationalism, Fallibilism, Conventionalism, Truth.- 3. What Exists?.- 4. The Mind-Body Problem.- 5. Time, Space, Causality, and Quantum Theory.- 6. Conclusion.- XII / The Philosophy of Language.- 1. Conceptions of Meaning.- 1.1. Ajdukiewicz.- 1.2. Kotarbi?ski.- 2. Analytic Sentences.- 2.1. ?ukasiewicz and Tarski.- 2.2. Ajdukiewicz.- 2.3. Kokoszy?ska.- 3. Empty Names.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- XIII / The Philosophy of Science.- 1. Reasoning and Its Modes.- 2. Induction, Probability, and Justification.- 2.1. ?ukasiewicz; Pozna?ski and Wundheiler.- 2.2. Hosiasson.- 2.3. Ajdukiewicz.- 2.4. Cze?owski.- 2.5. Zawirski and Mehlberg.- 2.6. Kokoszy?ska.- 2.7. Concluding Remarks.- 3. The General Picture of the Scientific Method and Scientific Theories.- 3.1. The Ontology of Science and the Methods of Investigating Science.- 3.2. Heuresis.- 3.3. Justification.- 3.4. The Structure of Scientific Theories.- 3.5. Theories versus Facts.- 3.6. The Problem of Unity of Science.- 3.7. The Development of Science.- 3.8. Concluding Remarks.- XIV / Once More History and Beyond.- 1. The Lvov-Warsaw School and Logical Empiricism.- 2. The Problem of the Unity of the Lvov-Warsaw School.- 3. The Lvov-Warsaw School or the Lvov School and the Warsaw School?.- 4. The Importance of the Lvov-Warsaw School.- Notes.- List of the Philosophers of the Lvov-Warsaw School Mentioned in this Book.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.