| Preface | p. xiii |
| Why study soil chemistry? | p. 1 |
| Soil chemistry and plants | p. 2 |
| Soil chemistry and soil biology and biochemistry | p. 3 |
| Soil chemistry and soil physics | p. 3 |
| Soil chemistry, geochemistry and soil formation | p. 3 |
| Soil chemistry and water chemistry | p. 4 |
| Soil chemistry and pollution science | p. 4 |
| Soil chemistry as a subdivision of chemistry | p. 5 |
| Soil chemistry in history and pre-history | p. 5 |
| The nature of soil--what it is and what it does | p. 7 |
| The transition from rock to soil | p. 8 |
| The remit of the soil chemist | p. 8 |
| Inorganic and mineral components of soils | p. 10 |
| The nature of rocks | p. 10 |
| Igneous rocks | p. 11 |
| Primary and secondary minerals | p. 14 |
| Sedimentary rocks | p. 14 |
| Diagenesis | p. 16 |
| Geochemical weathering | p. 17 |
| Silicates | p. 18 |
| Simple tetrahedra | p. 18 |
| Chain silicates | p. 19 |
| Sheet silicates | p. 20 |
| Framework silicates | p. 21 |
| Other important sheet structures | p. 22 |
| Isomorphous substitution | p. 23 |
| 2:1 and 1:1 type minerals | p. 23 |
| Important minerals other than silicates | p. 24 |
| Clay minerals | p. 24 |
| Interstratified minerals | p. 26 |
| Allophane | p. 26 |
| Imogolite | p. 27 |
| Soil minerals and soil chemical reactions | p. 27 |
| Soil organic matter | p. 28 |
| Introduction | p. 28 |
| Components of soil organic matter | p. 28 |
| Decomposing residues of plants | p. 29 |
| Cellulose | p. 31 |
| Hemicelluloses | p. 32 |
| Lignin | p. 34 |
| Soil biota and organic matter turnover | p. 35 |
| The soil decomposer community and microbial succession | p. 36 |
| Kinetics of organic matter breakdown | p. 37 |
| Resistant soil organic matter | p. 38 |
| Chemically protected organic matter | p. 39 |
| Physically protected organic matter | p. 41 |
| Detailed characterisation of soil organic matter | p. 42 |
| Chemical fractions of soil humus | p. 43 |
| Humic acid | p. 43 |
| Fulvic acid | p. 44 |
| Humin | p. 44 |
| Soil organic matter and soil structure | p. 44 |
| Organic matter as a transient binding agent | p. 45 |
| Organic matter as a temporary binding agent | p. 45 |
| Organic matter as a persistent binding agent | p. 46 |
| Organic matter and soil structural stability | p. 46 |
| Rates of degradation and accumulation of organic matter in soil | p. 47 |
| Turnover of soil organic matter | p. 47 |
| Accumulation and loss of soil organic matter | p. 48 |
| The organic chemistry of anaerobic soils | p. 49 |
| Soil organic matter and the generation of anaerobic conditions | p. 49 |
| Anaerobic microsites in soil | p. 52 |
| Competition between electron acceptors in anaerobic soils | p. 53 |
| Consequences of anaerobiosis in soils | p. 53 |
| Soil organic matter and trace element availability | p. 54 |
| Release of trace elements into soil solution | p. 54 |
| Depletion of trace elements in soil solution by bonding to organic matter | p. 55 |
| Chelation by organic ligands | p. 56 |
| Other roles of soil organic matter | p. 57 |
| Soil chemical reactions | p. 58 |
| Cation-exchange properties of soil clays | p. 58 |
| Inner-sphere and outer-sphere surface complexes | p. 59 |
| Measurement of exchangeable cations and exchange capacity | p. 59 |
| Some theoretical aspects of cation exchange | p. 61 |
| The Ratio Law | p. 61 |
| Particle size distribution in soils | p. 62 |
| Soil pH | p. 65 |
| Measurement of soil pH | p. 66 |
| The transient nature of soil pH | p. 67 |
| Soil pH and nutrient availability | p. 68 |
| The base cations | p. 69 |
| Copper, zinc and cobalt | p. 70 |
| Iron and manganese | p. 72 |
| Molybdenum | p. 73 |
| Phosphorus | p. 74 |
| Boron | p. 77 |
| Nitrogen | p. 77 |
| Sulphur | p. 78 |
| Other essential elements | p. 78 |
| Saline and sodic soils | p. 79 |
| Saline soils | p. 79 |
| Sodic soils | p. 82 |
| Saline-sodic soils | p. 83 |
| Gypsum in soil | p. 83 |
| Oxidation-reduction reactions in soils | p. 83 |
| The relationship between Eh and (pe + pH) | p. 88 |
| The solubility of iron and manganese under reducing conditions | p. 88 |
| Reducing conditions and soil pH | p. 90 |
| Chemical problems associated with anaerobic conditions | p. 90 |
| Biogeochemical cycling of nutrient elements | p. 90 |
| Cycles with no gaseous components | p. 90 |
| Cycles with gaseous components | p. 91 |
| Hydrogen | p. 91 |
| Oxygen | p. 92 |
| Carbon | p. 92 |
| Nitrogen | p. 93 |
| Sulphur | p. 93 |
| Chlorine | p. 95 |
| Selenium | p. 95 |
| Methods for studying element cycles | p. 95 |
| Precipitation inputs | p. 97 |
| Dry deposition inputs | p. 97 |
| Litter | p. 97 |
| Litter decomposition | p. 98 |
| Outputs in drainage waters | p. 98 |
| Gaseous fluxes | p. 98 |
| Animal wastes | p. 98 |
| Microbial cycling | p. 98 |
| Rain simulation techniques | p. 99 |
| General comments | p. 99 |
| Soil fertility | p. 100 |
| What is soil fertility? | p. 100 |
| What influences natural fertility? | p. 101 |
| Management options and soil fertility | p. 103 |
| Crop rotation | p. 103 |
| Intercropping | p. 105 |
| Unavailable nutrient pools | p. 105 |
| Plant breeding and selection | p. 106 |
| Use of fertilisers | p. 106 |
| Nitrogen fertilisation | p. 108 |
| Phosphorus fertilisation | p. 111 |
| Potassium fertilisation | p. 112 |
| Soil acidity | p. 113 |
| Soil pH and its measurement | p. 114 |
| Liming material | p. 116 |
| Acidity and plant growth | p. 116 |
| Trends in soil pH | p. 119 |
| Effects of liming on soil solution chemistry | p. 121 |
| Spatial pH variations | p. 122 |
| Evaluation of soil fertility | p. 123 |
| Soil analysis | p. 124 |
| Soil chemistry and freshwater quality | p. 128 |
| The hydrological cycle | p. 130 |
| Factors affecting hydrological pathways | p. 130 |
| Rainstorms, snowmelt and freshwater quality | p. 131 |
| Buffering of pH in upland streams | p. 134 |
| Catchment characteristics influencing soil-water interactions | p. 136 |
| Precipitation characteristics | p. 136 |
| Other climatic factors | p. 138 |
| Soil characteristics | p. 140 |
| Soil parent material | p. 141 |
| Catchment characteristics | p. 142 |
| Modelling water quality | p. 143 |
| Vegetation effects | p. 147 |
| Improved drainage and water quality | p. 147 |
| Agrochemicals, soils, and freshwater quality | p. 148 |
| Nitrogenous fertilisers and manures | p. 149 |
| Other fertilisers | p. 149 |
| Liming materials | p. 150 |
| Pesticides | p. 150 |
| Soils and pollution | p. 151 |
| Sources of soil pollution | p. 152 |
| Sludges and animal wastes | p. 152 |
| Fertilisers | p. 153 |
| Atmospheric inputs | p. 155 |
| Radionuclide deposition | p. 155 |
| Ammonia | p. 157 |
| Soils and acid deposition | p. 157 |
| Effects of increasing carbon dioxide | p. 162 |
| Adsorption of pesticides by soils | p. 163 |
| Types of pesticide adsorption to soil organic matter | p. 163 |
| Van der Waal's forces | p. 163 |
| Hydrogen bonding | p. 164 |
| Hydrophobic bonding | p. 164 |
| Ion exchange | p. 164 |
| Charge transfer | p. 164 |
| Ligand exchange | p. 164 |
| Chemisorption | p. 165 |
| Organic matter fractions involved in pesticide adsorption | p. 166 |
| The future of soil chemistry | p. 168 |
| The changing nature of research in soil chemistry | p. 168 |
| Soil as a component of the whole ecosystem | p. 169 |
| New research tools in soil chemistry | p. 171 |
| Soil chemistry and policy makers | p. 172 |
| References | p. 173 |
| Index | p. 186 |
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