| Preface | p. x |
| Prelinguistic Vocalizations | p. 1 |
| Phylogenetic Origins of Human Infant Vocalizations | p. 2 |
| Differences between the Nonhuman Primate and Human Vocal Tracts | p. 6 |
| Ontogeny of Vocalizations in Human Infants over the First Year | p. 13 |
| Development of Vocalization in Human Infants during the Transition to Language | p. 20 |
| Phonetic Preferences | p. 20 |
| Features of Babbling | p. 30 |
| Prelinguistic Vocalizations and First Words | p. 32 |
| Prelinguistic Vocalizations and Later Language | p. 34 |
| Environmental Influences on Babbling | p. 35 |
| Conclusions | p. 40 |
| Sound-Meaning Correspondences | p. 42 |
| The Functional Meaning of Nonhuman Primate Calls | p. 43 |
| Spontaneous Calls of the Great Apes | p. 43 |
| Playback Experiments | p. 48 |
| Phonetically Consistent Forms in Prelinguistic Infants | p. 51 |
| Review of Observational Studies | p. 52 |
| Prosodic Aspects of Sound-Meaning Correspondences | p. 56 |
| Our Research on Sound-Meaning Correspondences | p. 57 |
| Conclusions | p. 76 |
| Communicative Gestures | p. 78 |
| What Is a Gesture? | p. 78 |
| Phylogenetic Origins of Communicative Gestures | p. 82 |
| Ontogeny of Gestures in Human Infants before 9 Months | p. 92 |
| Gestural Development from 9 Months: Order of Onset | p. 95 |
| Onset of Coordination of Gesture with Vocalization and Gaze | p. 97 |
| Change in the Gestural Repertoire from 9 to 15 Months and in Coordination with Vocalization and Gaze | p. 102 |
| Interrelationships among Gestures | p. 105 |
| Environmental Influences on the Gestural Repertoire | p. 106 |
| Relation of Gestures to Early Vocabulary and Later Language Acquisition | p. 107 |
| Conclusions | p. 109 |
| Symbolic Gestures and Symbolic Play | p. 111 |
| Theoretical Background | p. 112 |
| Symbolic Gestures in Nonhuman Primates | p. 114 |
| Symbolic Gestures in Human Infants | p. 120 |
| Our Observations of Symbolic Gestures | p. 123 |
| Symbolic Play | p. 126 |
| Our Research on Symbolic Play | p. 134 |
| Conclusions | p. 139 |
| Tool Use and Object Concept | p. 140 |
| Tool Use in Wild Apes | p. 144 |
| Tool Use in Captive and Ex-captive Apes and Monkeys | p. 148 |
| Circular Reactions | p. 153 |
| Conclusions | p. 154 |
| Object Concept in Apes and Monkeys | p. 155 |
| Conclusions | p. 158 |
| Early Findings in Favor of a Relationship between Tool Use and Communication in Human Infants | p. 158 |
| Methodological Problems in Means-Ends and Object Permanence Tasks | p. 160 |
| Results Relating Object Permanence Tasks to More Specific Aspects of Language Acquisition | p. 162 |
| The Specificity Hypothesis | p. 163 |
| Our Research Relating Piagetian Tasks to Communication | p. 165 |
| Object Constructions | p. 166 |
| Conclusions | p. 169 |
| Representation in Human Infants | p. 171 |
| Evidence from Preferential-Looking Paradigms | p. 171 |
| Evidence from Delayed-Imitation Paradigms | p. 176 |
| Evidence from Reaching Paradigms | p. 180 |
| Theories about the Development of Representation | p. 180 |
| Conclusions | p. 183 |
| Memory in Nonhuman Primates and Young Children | p. 186 |
| Memory in Monkeys and Apes | p. 186 |
| Spatial Memory | p. 187 |
| Sequential Memory | p. 190 |
| Delayed Imitation | p. 193 |
| Memory and Language Acquisition in Children | p. 196 |
| Our Research on Memory and Language | p. 202 |
| Conclusions | p. 212 |
| Origins of Language | p. 213 |
| Brain-Body Ratio and Brain Structure | p. 213 |
| Gestures | p. 215 |
| Mimetic to Mythic Culture | p. 218 |
| Information Donation | p. 219 |
| Symbolic Reference | p. 221 |
| The "Hopeful Monster" Theory | p. 223 |
| Conclusions | p. 226 |
| Recapitulation | p. 228 |
| References | p. 233 |
| Index | p. 261 |
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