Reuse of Sludge and Minor Wastewater Residuals

1. Introduction -- 1. 1. Sludge Production in the United States -- 1.2. Benefits of Reusing Sewage Sludge -- 1.3. Constraints for Sewage Sludge Reuse -- 1.3.1. Improving Sludge Quality -- 1 .4. A Guide to Sludge Reuse Program -- 2. Sludge -- 2.1. Sludge Characterization -- 2.1.1. Physical Composition -- 2.1.2. Chemical Composition -- 2.2. Sludge Production -- 2.3. Sludge Sampling -- 2.3.1. Digester Stratification -- 2.3.2. Industrial Contributions -- 2.3.3. Laboratory Error -- 2.4. Analytical Characterization of Sludge -- 2.4.1. Mass Balances of Contaminants -- 2.4.2. Theoretical Removal Rates of Contaminants -- 3. Improving Sludge Quality -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Calculating Influent Loadings -- 3.3. Quantifying Sources of Contaminants -- 3.3.1. WaterSupply -- 3 .3 .1.1. Lang lier Saturation Index -- 3.3.1.2. Aggressive Index -- 3.3.1.3. Reducing the Metals Attributable to the Water Supply -- 3.3.2. Industrial Contributions -- 3.3.2.1. Sewer Use Limitations -- 3.3.2.2. Industrial Loadings -- 3.3.3. Households -- 3.3.4. Run-Off -- 3.3.5. Leachate from Landfills and Hazardous Waste Sites -- 3.4. Case Study -Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 3.4.1. Calculate Influent Loadings of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 3.4.2. Quantify the Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 4. Minor Residuals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Scum Characterization -- 4.2.1. Physical Composition -- 4.2.2. Chemical Composition -- 4.2.3. Flotables -- 4.2.3.1. Quantifying the Problem -- 4.2.3.2. Plastics Reduction -- 4.3. Scum Production -- 4.3.1. Scum Collection -- 4.4. Coprocessing Sludge and Scum -- 4.4.1. Anaerobic Digestion and Gas Formation -- 4.4.2. Digester Mixing -- 4.4.3. Grinding -- 4.4.4. Screening -- 4.5. Separate Processing of Sludge and Scum -- 4.5.1. Incineration -- 4.5.2. Chemical Fixation -- 5. Designing a Sludge Recycling Program -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Factors Affecting Sludge Reuse -- 5.2.1. Economic Factors -- 5.2.2. Geographic Factors -- 5.2.3. Environmental Factors -- 5.2.4. Reliability -- 5.2.5. Other Factors -- 5.3. Siting Sludge Processing Facilities -- 5.3. l. Site Selection Criteria -- 5.3.2. The Environmental Impact Statement Process -- 5.3.3. Siting Pitfalls -- 5.3.4. Compensation -- 5.4. Sludge Products -- 5 .5. Sludge Markets -- 5.6. Costing Sludge Processing Facilities -- 6.Land Application of Liquid Sludge -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Agricultural Application -- 6.2.1. Effects of Sludge on Cropland -- 6.2.1.1. Soil pH -- 6.2.2. Research on Crop Response -- 6.2.3. Liquid Application in Southwestern Ohio -- 6.3. Forest Application -- 6.3.1. Effects of Sludge on Forestland -- 6.3.2. Research on Tree Response -- 6.3.3. Forest Application in Seattle, Washington -- 7. Sludge Dewatering -- 7 .1. Introduction -- 7 .2. Natural De watering Methods -- 7.2.1. Sand Beds -- 7 .2.2. Wedge water Filter Beds -- 7.2.3. Lagoon Dewatering -- 7.3. Innovative Methods of Natural Dewatering -- 7.3.1. Sludge Freezing for Dewatering -- 7 .3 .2. Phragmites Reed Beds -- 7.4. Mechanical De watering -- 7.4.1. Vacuum Filter Dewatering -- 7.4.2. Belt Filter Presses -- 7.4.3. Centrifuge Dewatering -- 7.4.3.1. Comparing Belt Filter Presses and Centrifuges -- 7.4.3.2. Costs of Centrifuges and Belt Filter Presses -- 7.5. Sludge Cake Application -- 7.5.1. Omaha, Nebraska -- 8. Lime-Stabilized Sludge -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Lime Stabilization Chemistry -- 8.3. Lime Stabilization Processes -- 8.3.1. Sludge Feed Equipment for Lime Stabilization -- 8.3.2. Lime Storage and Feed Equipment -- 8.3.3. Lime /Sludge Mixing Equipment -- 8.4. Variations on Lime Stabilization -- 8.4.1. Lime Pasteurization -- 8.4.2. Chemical Fixation of Sludge -- 8.5. Lime-Stabilized Sludge Application -- 8.5.1. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma -- 9. Sludge Composting -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Composting Processes -- 9.2.1. Aerated Static Pile Composting -- 9.2.2. Vermicomposting -- 9.2.3. Windrow Composting -- 9.2.4. Aerated Windrow Composting -- 9.2.5. In-Vessel Composting -- 9.3. Odor Control -- 9.3.1. Malodorous Compounds -- 9.3.2. Odor Control by Process Optimization -- 9.3.3. Amendment Choice -- 9.3.4. Exhaust Air Odor Control -- 9.4. Markets for Composted Sludge -- 9.4.1. Akron, Ohio -- 10. Sludge Pelletizing -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Pelletizing Process -- 10.3. Pelletizing Costs -- 10.3.1. Pelletizing in Clayton County, Georgia -- 10.4. Markets for Pelletized Sludge -- 11. Innovative Technologies for Sludge Reuse -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Sludge to Oil - STORS -- 11.2.1. Process -- 11.2.2. Costs -- 11.3. Oil from Sludge -- 11.3.1. Process -- 11.3.2. Fate of Contaminants -- 11.3.3. Costs -- 11.4. Sludge to Energy - Hyperion Energy Recovery System -- 11.4.1. Process -- 11.4.2. Costs -- 11.5. Sludge Bricks and Tiles -- 11.5.1. Process -- 11.5.2. Costs -- 12. Regulatory Limitations -- 12.1. General Issues -- 12.1.1. Permitting -- 12.1.2. Monitoring -- 12.2. The Part 503 Regulations -- 12.2.1. Numerical Limits for Contaminants -- 12.2.2. "Exceptional Quality" Sludge -- 12.2.3. Pathogen Reduction Requirements -- 12.2.3.1. Class A Sewage Sludge -- 12.2.3.2. Class B Sewage Sludge -- 12.2.4. Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements -- 12.2.5. Management Practices for Land Application -- 12.3. Research on the Fate of Heavy Metals -- 12.3.1. Cadmium -- 12.3.2. Lead -- 12.3.3. Mercury -- 12.3.4. Chromium -- 12.3.5. Copper, Nickel, and Zinc -- Index.