Radar Remote Sensing of Planetary Surfaces

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By: Bruce A. Campbell

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Published: 18th March 2002

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This introduction to the use of radar for remote sensing of natural surfaces provides the reader with a thorough grounding in practical applications, focusing particularly on terrestrial studies that may be extended to other planets. An historical overview of the subject is followed by an introduction to the nomenclature and methodology pertaining to radar data collection, image interpretation and surface roughness analysis. The author then presents a summary (illustrated with examples from the natural environment) of theoretical explanations for the backscatter properties of continuous rough surfaces, collections of discrete objects, and layered terrain. Case studies of radar surveys of the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars complete the book. The level is appropriate for students and professionals across a broad range of scientific disciplines including Earth and planetary sciences, electrical engineering, and remote sensing. Particular emphasis is given to practical geological and geophysical studies of the terrestrial planets.

"...this text belongs in the library of anyone interested in radar remote sensing. It is a well-written, comprehensive text that can easily be understood by someone expressing an ititial interest in the field, and contains sufficient information and analysis to keep the seasoned radar analyst interested. The author is to be congratulated on his achievement." Geomatica "The author's intention is to fill a perceived gap in the literature on radar backscatter analysis. The text meets this goal and would be suitable for a variety of university level courses in remote sensing. For the student of remote sensing data analysis, this text is well suited as a mid-level introduction to the specifics of radar remote sensing beyond the basic principles that should be acquired from a general subject primer...This well organized and written text is recommended..." The Leading Edge "A well-organized treatment." Choice

Acknowledgments	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Radar remote sensing	p. 1
Historical context	p. 3
Rationale	p. 10
Outline of the book	p. 11
Radar scattering terminology	p. 13
Outline	p. 13
Basic terminology	p. 13
Constitutive parameters	p. 17
Electromagnetic waves in arbitrary media	p. 19
Energy loss in a medium	p. 20
Polarization	p. 21
Coherence and power	p. 24
The Stokes vector	p. 25
Polarization terminology	p. 28
Reflection and refraction at a plane boundary	p. 29
Emission from a surface	p. 33
The radar equation	p. 34
Polarization ratios	p. 35
The scattering matrix	p. 36
The Mueller and Stokes matrices	p. 37
Polarization synthesis	p. 40
Summary	p. 41
Roughness and dielectric properties	p. 44
Outline	p. 44
Definition of roughness	p. 45
Basic statistics of a rough surface	p. 45
Correlation	p. 49
The Fourier transform	p. 51
The power spectrum, aliasing, and filtering	p. 52
The importance of horizontal scale	p. 57
Introduction to fractal concepts	p. 58
Properties of self-affine continuous surfaces	p. 62
Properties of surface and volume populations	p. 65
Methods of topographic data collection	p. 67
Dielectric properties of natural materials	p. 70
Mixing of materials with different properties	p. 75
Measuring the dielectric constant	p. 79
Summary	p. 80
Radar data collection and analysis	p. 82
Outline	p. 82
Antennas	p. 83
Pulse compression techniques	p. 85
Real-aperture radar (RAR)	p. 88
Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)	p. 90
Planetary ranging and continuous-wave observations	p. 95
Planetary delay-Doppler mapping	p. 97
Effect of the ionosphere	p. 104
Speckle	p. 104
Radar scatterometers and altimeters	p. 106
Interferometry	p. 107
Geometric effects in radar mapping	p. 110
Image geometric corrections	p. 113
Data calibration	p. 117
Image speckle and texture analysis	p. 121
Structural and stereo mapping	p. 127
Summary	p. 131
Theoretical treatment of scattering by rough surfaces	p. 132
Outline	p. 132
Vector and scalar fields	p. 133
Coherent and incoherent reflections	p. 133
Scattering at a rough two-dimensional interface	p. 135
Roughness criteria	p. 137
Scattering by gently undulating surfaces	p. 138
Scattering by slightly rough surfaces	p. 145
Integral equation methods for rough surface scattering	p. 151
Scalar model for coherent scattering by fractal rough surfaces	p. 152
Scattering by collections of discrete objects	p. 154
Numerical methods	p. 161
The general nature of surface scattering	p. 162
Summary	p. 166
Radar scattering from continuous rough surfaces	p. 167
Outline	p. 167
Topographic and dielectric data for rough surfaces	p. 168
Radar data for rough surfaces	p. 173
Surface roughness	p. 178
General backscatter properties of rough surfaces	p. 180
Relationships between echo components	p. 182
Very smooth surfaces and the small-perturbation model	p. 187
Empirical models for the HH, VV, LR, and RL echoes	p. 190
Empirical models for the HV, VH, LL, and RR echoes	p. 193
Wavelength dependence in scattering from fractal surfaces	p. 196
Blocky surfaces	p. 196
Aeolian roughness	p. 197
Scattering at high incidence angles	p. 200
Summary and implications for radar remote sensing	p. 201
Radar scattering from collections of objects or layered terrain	p. 203
Outline	p. 203
Statistical descriptions of rock-strewn surfaces	p. 203
Example of a rock-strewn field site	p. 208
Radar scattering from a rock-strewn surface	p. 213
Radar scattering from sand dunes	p. 219
Radar scattering from mantled rough surfaces	p. 221
Examples of mantled surfaces	p. 227
Radar scattering from volume populations	p. 231
Summary and implications for remote sensing	p. 234
Planetary radar studies: the Moon, Mercury, and asteroids	p. 235
Outline	p. 235
General properties of regoliths	p. 235
Radar data for the Moon	p. 239
Radar data for Mercury	p. 241
Scattering models for a planetary regolith	p. 241
The lunar mare regolith	p. 247
Lunar pyroclastic deposits	p. 254
Radar properties of lunar and mercurian impact craters	p. 254
Ice at the poles of Mercury and the Moon	p. 259
Radar observations of asteroids	p. 262
Radar sounding	p. 264
Summary and future directions	p. 268
Planetary radar studies: Venus and Mars	p. 270
Outline	p. 270
The surface of Venus	p. 271
Radar data for Venus	p. 272
Surface properties of the Venus plains	p. 278
Surface properties of venusian volcanoes	p. 286
Impact craters on Venus	p. 289
The nature of the Venus highlands	p. 293
The surface of Mars	p. 301
Radar data for Mars	p. 302
Radar scattering from heavily cratered terrain and plains on Mars	p. 304
Surface properties of martian outflow and ejecta deposits	p. 305
Surface properties of martian volcanoes	p. 308
The martian polar caps	p. 310
Summary and future directions	p. 311
List of symbols	p. 312
References	p. 316
Index	p. 329
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 9780521583084
ISBN-10: 052158308X
Audience: Tertiary; University or College
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 350
Published: 18th March 2002
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 25.4 x 17.8 x 2.1
Weight (kg): 0.82