PVC : Production, Properties and Uses

PREFACE 1 Introduction 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Discovery 1.3 Development 2 Production and properties of vinyl chloride and related monomers 2.1 Vinyl chloride 2.2 Other vinyl esters 2.4 Vinylidene chloride 2.5 Other monomers 3 Production of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kinetics and mechanisms of polymerisation 3.3 3.3 Polymerisation procedures 3.4 Conclusion 4 Properties of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers 4.3 Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution 4.4 Particle size and shape 4.5 Purity 4.6 Copolymers 4.7 Physical properties 4.8 Chemical properties 4.9 Crystalline polymers 4.10 Selecting polymers 5 Degradation and stabilisation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Kinetics of thermal decomposition 5.3 Mechanisms of thermal degradation 5.4 Stabilisation 6 Plasticisation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General considerations 6.3 Theory of plasticisation 7 Other aspects of formulation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lubricants 7.3 Fillers 7.4 Impact modifiers 7.5 Processing aids 7.6 Antistatic agents 7.7 Colorants 7.8 Chemical blowing agents 7.9 Bacteriostats and fungicides 8 Principles of formulation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Plasticisation 8.3 Fillers 8.4 Stabiliser systems 8.5 Lubricants 8.6 Other additives 8.7 Polymer 8.8 Properties of PVC compositions 8.9 Typical formulations 9 General consideration of processing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Manufacturing procedures 9.3 General mechanisms of processing 10 Mixing and compounding 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Theoretical considerations 10.3 Mixing machines 10.4 Compounding machines 11 Extrusion of PVC 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General considerations 11.3 Specific extrusions 12 Calendering PVC 12.1 Introduction 12.2 General principles 12.3 Production of unsupported film and sheeting 12.4 Production of supported sheeting or coated fabrics 12.5 Post-calender machinery 12.6 The 'Luvitherm' process 12.7 Melt-roll machines 12.8 Calendered vinyl flooring 12.9 Calendering faults 13 Moulding PVC 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Compression moulding 13.3 Injection moulding 14 PVC pastes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Formulation and properties of PVC pastes 14.3 Preparation and storage of PVC pastes 14.4 Processing of PVC pastes 15 Miscellaneous processes 15.1 Sintering 15.2 Solutions 15.3 Latices 15.4 Thermoforming processes 16 Properties and applications of PVC 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Properties 16.3 Applications 17 Toxicity and environmental considerations 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Polymer production 17.3 Polymer in use 17.4 PVC products 17.5 Fire hazards 17.6 Waste disposal 17.7 The total environmental impact 18 Experimental and test procedures 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Latices 18.3 Polymers (or resins) 18.4 Stabilisers 18.5 Plasticisers 18.6 Lubricants 18.7 Filler 18.8 Impact modifiers 18.9 Processing aids 18.10 Colorants 18.11 Dry blends 18.12 Pastes 18.13 Compounds 18.15 ANalysis of PVC compunds 18.16 Standard specifications