List of Figures xi
List of Tables xvii
Abstract xix
About the Authors xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Notations xxvii
About the Companion Website xxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Energy Transition: Toward a Highly Interconnected System of Systems 1
1.2 The Power Plant and Substation of the Future: Toward Situational Awareness 2
1.3 The New Paradigm in AI: The Emergence of the Large-scale Foundation Models 3
1.4 Topics and Organization of the Book 4
Part I Challenges, Trends, and Asset Management Requirements for the Energy Transition 7
2 Energy Transition and Digital Transformation 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Digital Transformation 11
2.3 Energy Transition 12
2.4 Arrival of DERs 13
2.5 Lifecycle Requirements, Expectations, and Speed of New Technologies, Introduction in the Electric System 14
3 Asset Management and Resilience 15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Asset Management 15
3.3 Resilience 17
3.4 Combining AM and Resilience: Resilience-based AM 18
3.5 Key Differences Between Reliability and Resilience 20
3.6 The Link Between DTs, Reliability, LCM, and AM 21
4 Challenges and Issues Surrounding the Operation of Current and Future Power Plants and Substations 25
4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 Reliability and Asset Management 27
4.3 Different Designs 29
4.4 Sensor Proliferation 29
4.5 Dynamic Systems 29
4.6 Cohabitation of Current and New-generation Technologies 29
4.7 Software 30
4.8 Complexity 32
4.9 Behavioral Nonlinearity of Components and Systems 35
4.10 System of Systems 35
4.11 Human Factors 36
4.12 Data 37
4.13 Different Operational Time Ranges of the Electric Network 37
4.14 Possible Multistates of a Component 38
4.15 Maintenance 38
4.16 Hidden Failures 39
4.17 Degradation Process and Obsolescence of Electric and Mechanical Components or Systems 40
4.18 Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and Others 40
4.19 Complete Life Cycle of Component/System 43
4.20 Prescriptive Maintenance or Knowledge-based Maintenance 43
4.21 Regulation Evolution 44
4.22 Prosumers 45
4.23 Potential Consequences of Energy Transition 46
4.24 Remaining Technical Gaps for Electric Power Utilities 47
Part II Large-scale Foundation Models 51
5 From Shallow Machine Learning to the Requirements of Large-scale Foundation Models 53
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 ANNs: Theoretical Foundations 54
5.3 A Brief History of AI: The Main Developments 57
5.4 Trustworthiness of AI Systems 61
6 Main Elements of Large-scale Foundation Models: Theoretical Backgrounds 77
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 Modular Learning 78
6.3 Transformer-based DNNs 82
6.4 Self-supervised Learning 87
6.5 Multimodal Fusion 90
6.6 Multitask Learning 93
6.7 Graph-oriented Approaches 93
6.8 Conclusion 99
7 Main Elements of Large-scale Foundation Models: A Practical and Literature Review 101
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Transformer Architecture-based Deep Neural Network 101
7.3 Self-supervised Learning 104
7.4 Multimodal Fusion 107
7.5 Multitask Learning 109
7.6 Graph-oriented Approaches 110
7.6.1 Anomaly Detection 114
7.6.2 Diagnostics 114
7.6.3 Prognostics 114
7.7 Conclusion and Synthesis 116
8 Combining Situational Awareness and LSF Models to Support the Energy Transition 119
8.1 Introduction 119
8.2 The Target of Future Power Plants and Substations 120
8.3 What Is the Situational Awareness? 121
8.4 Incorporating the SA to the Power Plant/Substation of the Future 122
8.5 Conclusion 124
9 Toward a New PHM Process 125
9.1 The Concept of PHM Process 125
9.2 Integrating ML into the PHM Process 126
9.3 The Situational Awareness Integrated to the PHM Process 128
9.4 Conclusion 130
Part III Industrial Case Study 131
10 Hydro-generators Prognostics and Health Management 133
10.1 Introduction 133
10.2 Description of the Case Study 133
10.3 Overview of the Global Methodology 142
11 Set of Deep Learning Models for Feature Extraction 145
11.1 Introduction 145
11.2 Feature Extraction from Visual Inspection Data 145
11.3 Feature Extraction from Text Data 149
11.4 Feature Extraction from PD 152
11.5 Conclusion 155
12 Set of AI-Experts with Deep Modular Learning 157
12.1 Introduction 157
12.2 Description of the AI-Experts 158
12.3 Managing the Mixture-of-AI-Experts 161
12.4 Experimental Results 164
12.5 Conclusion 169
12.6 Appendix 169
13 Graph-based Approach for Prognostics of Complex Machinery with Sparse Run-to-failure Data 175
13.1 Introduction 175
13.2 Preliminaries and Assumptions 176
13.3 Diagnostics Feature Extraction 177
13.4 Graph Structure Definition 178
13.5 Graph Dataset Generation for the Prognostics Considering the Sparse RTF Data 179
13.6 Assigning a Likelihood for Each Edge 180
13.7 Graph-based Forecasting Model 181
13.8 Experimental Results 184
13.9 Conclusion 190
Part IV Conclusion 191
14 Conclusion 193
14.1 What to Keep in Mind 193
14.2 Future Directions 195
Acronyms 199
Glossary 203
References 205
