| Introduction | p. 6 |
| Basic Terms | |
| Money and income | p. 8 |
| Currency | |
| Personal finance | |
| Business finance | p. 10 |
| Capital | |
| Revenue | |
| Financial statements | |
| Accounting | |
| Accounting and accountancy | p. 12 |
| Accounting | |
| Auditing | |
| Laws, rules and standards | |
| Bookkeeping | p. 14 |
| Double-entry bookkeeping | |
| Day books and ledgers | |
| Balancing the books | |
| Company law 1 | p. 16 |
| Partnerships | |
| Limited liability | |
| Founding companies | |
| Company law 2 | p. 18 |
| Private and public companies | |
| AGMS | |
| Accounting policies and standards | p. 20 |
| Valuation and measurement | |
| Historical cost and inflation accounting | |
| Accounting assumptions and principles | p. 22 |
| Assumption | |
| Principles | |
| Depreciation and amortization | p. 24 |
| Fixed assets | |
| Valuation | |
| Depreciation systems | |
| Auditing | p. 26 |
| Internal auditing | |
| External auditing | |
| Irregularities | |
| The balance sheet 1 | p. 28 |
| Assets, liabilities and capital | |
| Shareholders' equity | |
| The balance sheet 2: assets | p. 30 |
| Fixed and current assets | |
| Valuation | |
| Tangible and intangible assets | |
| The balance sheet 3: liabilities | p. 32 |
| Liabilities | |
| Accured expenses | |
| Shareholders' equity on the balance sheet | |
| The other financial statements | p. 34 |
| The profit and loss account | |
| The cash flow statement | |
| Financial ratios 1 | p. 36 |
| Types of financial ratio | |
| Liquidity and solvency ratios | |
| Earnings and dividends | |
| Financial ratios 2 | p. 38 |
| Profitability | |
| Leverage | |
| Cost accounting | p. 40 |
| Direct and indirect costs | |
| Fixed and variable costs | |
| Breakeven analysis | |
| Pricing | p. 42 |
| Manufacturers' pricing strategies | |
| Retail pricing strategies | |
| Banking | |
| Personal banking | p. 44 |
| Current accounts | |
| Banking products and services | |
| E-banking | |
| Commercial and retail banking | p. 46 |
| Commercial and retail banks | |
| Credit | |
| Loans and risk | |
| Financial institutions | p. 48 |
| Types of financial institution | |
| Deregulation | |
| Specialized banks | |
| Investment banking | p. 50 |
| Raising capital | |
| Mergers and acquisitions | |
| Consulting and research | |
| Central banking | p. 52 |
| The functions of central banks | |
| The central bank and the commercial banks | |
| Central banks and exchange rates | |
| Interest rates | p. 54 |
| Interest rates and monetary policy | |
| Different interest rates | |
| Money markets | p. 56 |
| The money markets | |
| Common money market instruments | |
| Repos | |
| Islamic banking | p. 58 |
| Interest-free banking | |
| Types of accounts | |
| Leasing and short-term loans | |
| Money supply and control | p. 60 |
| Measuring money | |
| Changing the money supply | |
| Monetarism | |
| Corporate Finance | |
| Venture capital | p. 62 |
| Raising capital | |
| Return on capital | |
| Stocks and shares 1 | p. 64 |
| Stocks, shares and equities | |
| Going public | |
| Ordinary and preference shares | |
| Stocks and shares 2 | p. 66 |
| Buying and selling shares | |
| New share issues | |
| Categories of stocks and shares | |
| Shareholders | p. 68 |
| Investors | |
| Dividends and capital gains | |
| Speculators | |
| Share prices | p. 70 |
| Influences on share prices | |
| Predicting prices | |
| Types of risks | |
| Bonds | p. 72 |
| Government and corporate bonds | |
| Prices and yields | |
| Other types of bonds | |
| Futures | p. 74 |
| Commodity futures | |
| Financial futures | |
| Derivatives | p. 76 |
| Options | |
| In-the-money and out-of-the-money | |
| Warrants and swaps | |
| Asset management | p. 78 |
| Allocating and diversifying assets | |
| Types of investor | |
| Active and passive investment | |
| Hedge funds and structured products | p. 80 |
| Hedge funds | |
| Leverage, short-selling and arbitrage | |
| Structured products | |
| Describing charts and graphs | p. 82 |
| Increase and decrease | |
| Rate of change | |
| High points, low points, and staying the same | |
| Mergers and takeovers | p. 84 |
| Mergers, takeovers and joint ventures | |
| Hostile or friendly? | |
| Integration | |
| Leveraged buyouts | p. 86 |
| Conglomerates | |
| Raiders | |
| Financial planning | p. 88 |
| Financing new investments | |
| Discounted cash flows | |
| Comparing investment returns | |
| Financial regulation and supervision | p. 90 |
| Government regulation | |
| Internal controls | |
| Sarbanes-Oxley | |
| Economics and Trade | |
| International trade | p. 92 |
| Trade | |
| Balance of payments | |
| Protectionism | |
| Exchange rates | p. 94 |
| Why exchange rates change | |
| Fixed and floating rates | |
| Government intervention | |
| Financing international trade | p. 96 |
| Documentary credits | |
| Bills of exchange | |
| Export documents | |
| Incoterms | p. 98 |
| Transport and additional costs | |
| The E and F terms | |
| The C and D terms | |
| Insurance | p. 100 |
| Insuring against risks | |
| Life insurance and saving | |
| Insurance companies | |
| The business cycle | p. 102 |
| Expansion and contraction | |
| Fiscal policy | |
| Monetary policy | |
| Taxation | p. 104 |
| Direct taxes | |
| Indirect taxes | |
| Non-payment of tax | |
| Business plans | p. 106 |
| Market opportunities | |
| The company, the product and the market | |
| The financial analysis | |
| Language reference | p. 108 |
| Market idioms | |
| Numbers | |
| Word stress | |
| British and American vocabulary | |
| Answer key | p. 114 |
| Index | p. 132 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 140 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
![Get Ready for IELTS : Reading Pre-Intermediate A2+ [Second Edition] - Els Van Geyte](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780008765439/5935/get-ready-for-ielts.jpg)
![Collins English for IELTS - Reading for IELTS : IELTS 5-6+ (B1+) [Second Edition] - Els Van Geyte](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780008367503/7774/collins-english-for-ielts-reading-for-ielts.jpg)
![Collins English for IELTS - Speaking for IELTS : IELTS 5-6+ (B1+) [Second Edition] - Karen Kovacs](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780008367510/7774/collins-english-for-ielts-speaking-for-ielts.jpg)
