Contributors | p. vii |
Foreword | p. viii |
Foreword to the first edition | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgements | p. xiv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
History of research in midwifery | p. 2 |
Aim and purpose of this book | p. 4 |
Research awareness | p. 5 |
Definition and purpose of research and evidence-based practice | p. 6 |
The relationship of audit to research and EBP | p. 9 |
Structure of the book | p. 9 |
From practice to research | p. 13 |
Introduction | p. 14 |
Midwifery practice | p. 14 |
Types of knowledge | p. 16 |
Theory | p. 19 |
The nature of research | p. 20 |
Paradigms, approaches, methodology and methods: a terminology debate | p. 22 |
The main assumptions for each paradigm | p. 24 |
From practice to research | p. 25 |
Conclusion | p. 29 |
Chapter summary | p. 29 |
Evidence-based practice | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 34 |
Origins | p. 34 |
The purpose | p. 35 |
The process of evidence-based practice | p. 37 |
The evidence for EBP | p. 49 |
Evidence-based practice and policy | p. 52 |
Conclusion | p. 52 |
Chapter summary | p. 53 |
Experimental research | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 58 |
Origins | p. 59 |
The purpose and types of experimental research | p. 60 |
The process of experimental research | p. 61 |
Experimental research designs | p. 78 |
Quasi-experimental designs | p. 86 |
Experimental case studies | p. 88 |
Conclusion | p. 89 |
Chapter summary | p. 89 |
Surveys | p. 93 |
Introduction | p. 94 |
Origins | p. 94 |
Purpose | p. 94 |
Characteristics of the approach | p. 95 |
Components of the research process | p. 96 |
Specific tools and methods used within the approach | p. 98 |
Reliability and validity | p. 112 |
Conclusion | p. 113 |
Chapter summary | p. 114 |
An introduction to statistics in midwifery research | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 118 |
Origins | p. 119 |
Ethics and statistics | p. 120 |
Types of statistics | p. 121 |
Presentation of statistics | p. 121 |
Levels of measurement | p. 122 |
Descriptive statistics | p. 124 |
Probability, p values and significance | p. 131 |
Inferential statistics | p. 133 |
Correlation and the associated statistical tests | p. 138 |
Confidence intervals | p. 143 |
Odds ratio | p. 144 |
Relative risk | p. 146 |
Numbers needed to treat | p. 147 |
Analysis of variance | p. 148 |
Power calculations | p. 148 |
Secondary statistical analysis | p. 149 |
Systematic review and meta-analysis | p. 149 |
Additional reading | p. 150 |
Conclusion | p. 151 |
Chapter summary | p. 151 |
Grounded theory | p. 153 |
Introduction | p. 154 |
Origins | p. 154 |
Purposes | p. 156 |
Features of grounded theory | p. 156 |
Ethical issues | p. 167 |
Straussian and Glaserian perspectives of grounded theory | p. 167 |
Conclusion | p. 168 |
Chapter summary | p. 169 |
Ethnography | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 172 |
Origins | p. 172 |
Purpose | p. 173 |
Characteristics of the approach | p. 173 |
Components of the research process | p. 176 |
Ethnographic reports | p. 184 |
Conclusion | p. 185 |
Chapter summary | p. 185 |
Phenomenology | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Origins | p. 188 |
Purpose | p. 189 |
Characteristics of the approach | p. 190 |
Ethical considerations | p. 199 |
Conclusion | p. 200 |
Chapter summary | p. 200 |
Alternative approaches to research | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches | p. 204 |
Triangulation | p. 205 |
Historical research | p. 207 |
Feminist approaches | p. 208 |
Action research | p. 210 |
Evaluation research | p. 214 |
Case studies | p. 216 |
Conclusion | p. 217 |
Chapter summary | p. 217 |
Interviewing in qualitative research | p. 221 |
Introduction | p. 222 |
Origins | p. 222 |
Purpose | p. 223 |
Face-to-face interviews | p. 224 |
Telephone interviews | p. 226 |
Electronic interviews | p. 227 |
Focus group interviews | p. 228 |
The interview process | p. 231 |
After the interview | p. 238 |
Trustworthiness of the data | p. 239 |
Conclusion | p. 239 |
Chapter summary | p. 240 |
Critiquing the literature | p. 243 |
Introduction | p. 244 |
Critiquing and the skills | p. 244 |
The critiquing process | p. 246 |
Alternative critiquing frameworks | p. 259 |
Your decision | p. 260 |
Conclusion | p. 261 |
From research to practice | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
Learning and working together | p. 266 |
Sharing information with colleagues | p. 266 |
Sharing information with students | p. 269 |
Evidence-based projects | p. 269 |
Sharing information with clients | p. 270 |
Evidence-based practice | p. 271 |
Midwives doing research | p. 273 |
Quality assurance | p. 273 |
Research as a strategy for change | p. 274 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Chapter summary | p. 276 |
Glossary | p. 279 |
Index | p. 287 |
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