Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition

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Hardcover | 19 June 2006

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Presumption is a remarkably versatile and pervasively useful resource. Firmly grounded in the law of evidence from its origins in classical antiquity, it made its way in the days of medieval scholasticism into the theory and practice of disputation and debate. Subsequently, it extended its reach to play an increasingly significant role in the philosophical theory of knowledge. It has thus come to represent a region where lawyers, debaters, and philosophers can all find some common around. In Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition, Nicholas Rescher endeavors to show that the process of presumption plays a role of virtually indispensable utility in matters of rational inquiry and communication. The origins of presumption may lie in law, but its importance is reinforced by its service to the theory of information management and philosophy.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Philosophy Epistemology & The Theory of Knowledge Philosophy & Logic History of Western Philosophy Western Philosophy Analytical Philosophy & Logical Positivism Law Psychology Psychological Theory, Systems, Schools of Thought & Viewpoints Behavioural Theory & Behaviourism Cognitivism, Cognitive Theory

Computing & I.T.Computer Science Artificial Intelligence

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Published: 14th July 2011

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Preface	p. xi
The Legal Roots of Presumption	p. 1
What Presumption Is All About	p. 1
Presumptions as Procedural Resources	p. 7
Presumption beyond the Law	p. 9
Presumption and Burden of Proof	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Burden of Proof and of Reply	p. 15
The Weight of a Burden	p. 17
Cognitive Rationality and Burden of Proof	p. 19
Presumption and Skepticism	p. 23
Cognitive Presumption and Truth	p. 27
Cognitive Fundamentals	p. 27
Some Aspects of Cognitive Presumption	p. 31
Principles of Presumption	p. 33
Defeasibility and the Role of Presumption	p. 35
Presumptive Truth	p. 36
Presumption and Plausibility	p. 39
Presumption and Probability	p. 42
Validating Cognitive Presumptions	p. 45
The Purposiveness of Presumption	p. 45
Justifying Presumptions	p. 48
The Question of Validity	p. 52
How to Assess Success	p. 55
The Import of Experience: Avoiding Circularity	p. 57
Cultural Evolution as a Teleological Process: Rational Selection	p. 59
Presumption and Inquiry	p. 64
Presumptions in Rational Inquiry	p. 64
Presumption and the Diallelus	p. 66
Presumption and the Contrast between Foundationalism and Coherentism	p. 69
Coherentism and the Evidential Grounding of Claims to Truth	p. 70
Default Reasoning	p. 76
Default Inference	p. 76
Facing the Prospect of Error	p. 79
Induction as Default Reasoning	p. 80
Default Reasoning as Nomonotonic	p. 82
Some Comforting Considerations	p. 84
Presumption and Trust	p. 88
The Advantages of Cooperation	p. 88
Building up Trust: An Economic Approach	p. 91
The Rationale of Epistemic Trust	p. 93
Trustful Interaction as a General Benefit	p. 96
The Presumptive Credibility of Common Sense	p. 97
The Matter of Risk	p. 100
The Presumptive Credibility of Experts	p. 101
Presumption and Communication	p. 104
Communicative Presumption	p. 104
Truth Conditions and Use Conditions	p. 106
Communication and the Presumption of Normalcy	p. 111
Truthful Communication as a General Benefit Enterprise	p. 118
Rational Economy as the Crux	p. 121
Presumption in Science and Beyond	p. 124
Presumptions in Science	p. 124
Induction and Cognitive Economy: The Economic Rationale of Simplicity Preference	p. 126
Trans-Scientific Presumption	p. 131
Presumption and the Judgment of Elites	p. 133
Specificity Prioritization and the Primacy of the Particular	p. 138
Specificity Prioritization	p. 138
The Rationale of Specificity Prioritization	p. 140
A Curious Inversion: The Case of Counterfactuals	p. 142
Natural versus Unnatural Counterfactuals	p. 145
The Key Lesson	p. 149
Conclusion	p. 150
Dismissing Extremely Remote Possibilities	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
Effectively Zero Probabilities	p. 153
How Small Is Small Enough?	p. 155
Why Accept a Threshold of "Effective Zerohood"?	p. 157
The Question of Validation	p. 161
Overcoming a Problem	p. 162
Conclusion	p. 164
Conclusion	p. 166
Bibliography	p. 171
Index of Names	p. 179
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Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition

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Hardcover

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