Pollution Control Instrumentation for Oil and Effluents

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 The role of IMO and the progress of Marine Pollution Legislation.- 1.2.1 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954.- 1.2.2 MARPOL 73/78.- 1.3 Oil Sources and Marine Transportation for Hydrocarbons.- 1.4 Operational Discharges at Sea.- 1.4.1 Tankers.- 1.4.2 Cargo Ships and Tankers.- 1.4.3 Other Operational Discharges.- 1.5 Fate and Environmental Impact of Oil Discharges at Sea.- 1.6 Scope of the Book.- References.- 2 Oil pollution control and international legislation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Development of MARPOL 73/78.- 2.3 Operational Procedures.- 2.3.1 Load-on-Top (LOT) Tank Cleaning System.- 2.3.2 Dedicated Clean Ballast Tanks (DCBT) (also referred to as CBT).- 2.3.3 Segregated Ballast Tanks (SBT).- 2.3.4 Crude Oil Washing (COW).- 2.4 Bilge and Fuel Oil Discharges.- 2.5 Reception Facilities.- 2.6 Enforcement.- References.- 3 Technical requirements of the IMO international performance and test specifications for shipboard oil pollution instrumentation for oily water separation monitoring and control.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Performance and Test Specifications concerning Oily Water Separators and Oil Filtering Equipment.- 3.2.1 Terminology.- 3.2.2 Preamble and General Provisions.- 3.2.3 A.393(X)-Test Specifications for Oily Water Separating Equipment.- 3.2.4 Resolution A.444(XI).- 3.3 Performance and Test Specifications for Oil Content Meters.- 3.3.1 Resolution A.393(X).- 3.4 The Control System.- 3.4.1 Regulations.- 3.4.2 Early Resolutions.- 3.4.3 Resolution A.586(14).- 3.5 Overboard Discharge Arrangements with Part Flow Presentation.- Appendix 3.1 Unified Interpretation-Annex II MARPOL 73/78.- 4 Oil content monitors-a technical appraisal of the state of the art.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Practical Considerations.- 4.1.2 Monitor Types.- 4.1.3 System Requirements.- 4.2 Techniques for Measurement of Oil-in-Water.- 4.2.1 Ultraviolet Fluorescence.- 4.2.2 Ultraviolet Absorption.- 4.2.3 Photo-Optical Detection and Gas Evaporation.- 4.2.4 Solvent Extraction-Infrared Absorption.- 4.2.5 All-optical Fibre Solutions.- 4.2.6 Direct IR Absorption in Water.- 4.2.7 Scatter and Turbidity.- 4.2.8 Intelligent Turbidity (Light Scatter) Measurements.- 4.3 Shipboard Installation of Monitor Systems.- 4.3.1 Ballast Monitors.- 4.3.2 Bilge Monitor.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Problems of testing oil content monitors to the MARPOL 73/78 specifications.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 General Test Rig Requirements and Operational Problems.- 5.2.1 Pipework.- 5.2.2 Flow.- 5.2.3 Pressure.- 5.2.4 Injection.- 5.2.5 Burettes and Heavy Oils.- 5.2.6 Water.- 5.2.7 Oil Fouling Tank (i. e. for Test 3.2.9 in A.393(X)).- 5.2.8 Particulate Test Equipment (i. e. Test 3.2.10 in A.393(X)).- 5.2.9 Salinity Test.- 5.2.10 Oil Droplet Size Variation (Test 3.2.11).- 5.2.11 Temperature Variations (Test 3.2.13).- 5.2.12 Pressure and Flow Regulation (Test 3.2.14).- 5.2.13 Utilities (Test 3.2.15).- 5.2.14 Long Term Drift (Test 3.2.16).- 5.2.15 Shut-down (Test 3.2.17).- 5.2.16 Additional Instrumentation.- 5.2.17 Waste Products.- 5.3 Monitor Tests.- 5.3.1 Ballast Monitor (0-1000 ppm).- 5.3.2 Bilge Monitor (0-100 ppm).- 5.3.3 Bilge Alarm (15 ppm alarm-no recorder).- 5.4 Grab Samples and Infrared Analysis.- 5.4.1 Sampling.- 5.4.2 Validation Test on the IMO A.393(X) method for the Determination of Oil Content.- 5.5 The Full Control Systems and Functional Testing.- References.- 6 Oil content monitors-a review of available equipment.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 General Review.- 6.3 Installation.- 6.4 Available Monitor Systems.- 6.4.1 Babcock-Bristol Ltd. (Croydon, UK).- 6.4.2 Biospherics Ine (Maryland, USA).- 6.4.3 Quantek (a Facet subsidiary) (USA).- 6.4.4 Horiba Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan).- 6.4.5 ITT Oilcon (Netherlands, UK, Japan).- 6.4.6 Monitek (USA).- 6.4.7 Oili-AEG Telefunken (Finland-W. Germany).- 6.4.8 Salen and Wicander (Sweden).- 6.4.9 SERES (Les-Milles, France).- 6.4.10 Yamatake-Honeywell (Tokyo, Japan);Shimadzu Seisakusho Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan); Fellow-Kogyo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).- 6.5 Shipboard Experience.- 6.5.1 Ballast Monitors.- 6.5.2 Bilge Monitors.- 6.6 Flowmeters.- 6.6.1 Installation.- 6.6.2 Flowmeters-Analysis.- References.- Appendix 6.1.- 7 A technical review of the principles of oil-water separation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Principles of Oil-Water Separation.- 7.2.1 Definitions.- 7.2.2 Generation of Oily Water Mixtures.- 7.2.3 Stabilisation.- 7.2.4 Separation.- 7.3 Oil-Water Separation Technology.- 7.3.1 Gravity Separation.- 7.3.2 Enhanced Gravity Separation.- 7.3.3 Enhanced Coalescene.- 7.4 Summary.- References.- 8 Problems of laboratory testing oil-water separators.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Resolution A.393(X)196 8.2.1 Technical Specification-Part II of Annex to A.3 93(X).- 8.2.1 Technical Specification-Part II of Annex to A.3 93(X).- 8.2.2 'Test Specification' (from Part II of the Annex to A.393(X)).- 8.2.3 'Installation Requirements' (Part II of the Annex to A.393(X)).- 8.3 Resolution A.444(XI).- 8.4 The Test Rig.- 8.4.1 Capacity.- 8.4.2 Layout of Test Rig.- 8.4.3 Test Equipment.- 8.4.4 Other Test Facilities.- References.- 9 Technical requirements of the IMO international performance and test specification concerning oily water separators and process units.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Separation Processes-The Practical Problems.- 9.3 Separator Systems.- 9.3.1 Alexander Esplen (UK) (COMYN).- 9.3.2 Alsthom-Atlantique (France).- 9.3.3 SEREP (France)-formerly also Butterworth (US) Units.- 9.3.4 Facet (Netherlands, Italy, Spain, UK, USA).- 9.3.5 Heishin (Japan).- 9.3.6 Hodge Separators (UK).- 9.3.7 Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (FRG).- 9.3.8 Keene Corporation (US)/Oil Pollution Engineering Co. Ltd (Japan).- 9.3.9 National Fluid Separators, Inc. (USA).- 9.3.10 Salen and Wincander (Sweden).- 9.3.11 RWO (FRG).- 9.3.12 Separation and Recovery Systems Inc (USA).- 9.3.13 Stork Services (Netherlands).- 9.4 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Interface detection.- 10.1 Introduction and Requirements.- 10.2 Test Specification for Oil/Water Interface Detector (MEPC XIII/9 Annex 3).- 10.3 Interface and Level Detection, System Implications.- 10.4 Available Interface Detectors.- 10.4.1 Ultrasonic.- 10.4.2 Electrolytic.- 10.5 Conclusions-and the Future.- Appendix 10.1 Resolution MEPC.5(XIII) Annex 3 specification for oil/water interface detector.- Appendix 10.2 Department of Trade Certificate of Inspection and Tests: The Bestobell-Mobrey 'Sensali' Oil/Water Interface Detector.- 11 Large scale treatment of oil-contaminated water-reception facilities.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Sources of Oily Water: Quantities and Characteristics.- 11.2.1 Ballast Water.- 11.2.2 Ballast Water Characteristics.- 11.2.3 Fuel Oil Sludge and Bilge Oil.- 11.2.4 Refineries.- 11.3 Available Techniques for the Treatment of Oily Water.- 11.3.1 Primary Treatment.- 11.3.2 Secondary Treatment.- 11.3.3 Tertiary Treatment.- 11.4 Environmental Impact of Oily Water Discharges.- 11.5 Examples of Different Reception Facilities.- 11.5.1 Oily Waste-Water Treatment Plant in Dalian New Port.- 11.5.2 Small Floating Reception Facilities (PRC).- 11.5.3 Large Floating Reception Facilities (Guangzhou).- 11.5.4 Tank Washing Facility (Lisnave-Portugal).- 11.5.5 Combined Refinery and Ballast Water Reception Facilities.- 11.6 Discussion.- References.- 12 Methods of disposal of recovered oil and sludge.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Methods of Oil Recovery from Operational Activities.- 12.3 Disposal of Recovered Oil310 12.3.1 Removal of Water.- 12.4 Sludge Disposal.- 12.4.1 Landfill.- 12.4.2 Incineration.- 12.4.3 Land Farming.- 12.4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 13 Offshore production platforms.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Operational Discharges from Platforms.- 13.2.1 Drilling Muds and Cuttings.- 13.2.2 Production Water.- 13.2.3 Displacement Water (Ballast).- 13.2.4 Platform Drainage.- 13.3 Controls.- 13.4 Production Water Separation Processes.- 13.4.1 The Overall System.- 13.4.2 Enhanced Gravity Separation.- 13.4.3 Hydrocyclones and On-Line Monitoring.- 13.5 Separation of Displacement Water and Platform Drainage.- 13.6 Discussion.- References.- Appendix A Resolution A.393(X).- Appendix B Resolution A.441(XI).- Appendix C Resolution A.586(14).