| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What is ideology? | p. 1 |
| An historical approach | p. 5 |
| The crucible of modernity | p. 6 |
| A new postmodern world? | p. 8 |
| Liberalism and democracy | p. 10 |
| Whigs and republicans | p. 10 |
| Radicals and revolutionaries | p. 15 |
| Classical liberalism | p. 20 |
| Liberalism and progress | p. 24 |
| Social liberalism and European politics | p. 28 |
| American liberalism | p. 32 |
| Problems, criticisms and recent developments | p. 36 |
| Conservatism and the right | p. 43 |
| French reactionary conservatism | p. 44 |
| German Romantic conservatism | p. 46 |
| Radical conservatism | p. 48 |
| British conservatism | p. 54 |
| The European centre-right since 1945 | p. 59 |
| Nationalism and internationalism | p. 64 |
| Revolutionary and Romantic nationalism | p. 65 |
| Nineteenth-century nationalism | p. 67 |
| Anti-colonial nationalism | p. 69 |
| Pan-nationalism | p. 73 |
| Internationalism, federalism and conflict | p. 76 |
| The coherence and autonomy of nationalism | p. 80 |
| Varieties of socialism | p. 84 |
| Primitive and classical socialisms | p. 84 |
| The utopian socialists | p. 88 |
| International socialism | p. 94 |
| The British socialist tradition | p. 96 |
| Liberal socialism in Britain | p. 102 |
| European socialism since 1945 | p. 107 |
| Neo-revisionism and the future of socialism | p. 111 |
| Anarchism | p. 115 |
| Individualist anarchism | p. 116 |
| Socialist anarchism | p. 120 |
| Anarchism and Marxism | p. 126 |
| Recent developments in anarchist theory | p. 129 |
| Fundamentals and criticisms | p. 133 |
| Marxism | p. 137 |
| Hegel, Marx and Engels | p. 137 |
| The analysis of society and social change | p. 140 |
| Capitalism, revolution and human nature | p. 144 |
| Objections to Marx's theories | p. 149 |
| Revision and revolution | p. 151 |
| The communist world after Lenin | p. 156 |
| The New Left and after | p. 159 |
| The collapse of communism | p. 163 |
| The end of Marxism? | p. 165 |
| Racism and fascism | p. 169 |
| Nineteenth-century racism | p. 169 |
| Italian fascism | p. 174 |
| Hitler's national socialism | p. 178 |
| Admirers and followers | p. 181 |
| Race and ideology outside Europe | p. 184 |
| Neo-fascism | p. 189 |
| The extreme right in America | p. 194 |
| The New Right | p. 199 |
| From Swiss chalet to White House | p. 199 |
| Updating classical liberalism | p. 204 |
| Socialism and the dead hand of the state | p. 207 |
| The neo-liberal free society | p. 210 |
| The New Right spectrum in America and Britain | p. 214 |
| Criticisms of the New Right | p. 218 |
| Feminism and liberation ideology | p. 222 |
| Early feminism | p. 222 |
| Second wave feminism | p. 227 |
| Postfeminism, postmodernism and the future of the women's movement | p. 234 |
| Other liberation movements and ideologies | p. 236 |
| Green politics and ecologism | p. 243 |
| The green movement | p. 243 |
| Green ideas | p. 246 |
| Green controversies | p. 250 |
| Criticisms of green ideas | p. 253 |
| Religious fundamentalism | p. 255 |
| Islamic fundamentalism | p. 256 |
| Shia fundamentalism | p. 262 |
| The importance of Islam | p. 267 |
| Other religious fundamentalisms | p. 270 |
| Postmodernity and new religious movements | p. 275 |
| Globalisation, postmodernity and the future of ideology | p. 280 |
| Cold War to globalisation | p. 280 |
| Modernity to postmodernity? | p. 285 |
| The theory of postmodernism | p. 289 |
| A new age of ideology? | p. 294 |
| References and further reading | p. 298 |
| Index | p. 307 |
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