Physicochemical Basis of Pharmaceuticals

1. Pharmaceuticals and medicines 1.1: Introduction to the essential properties of pharmaceuticals 1.1.1: Some key concepts 1.2: Classes of pharmaceutical compounds 1.2.1: Active pharmaceutical ingredients 1.2.2: Excipients 1.3: Drug delivery: getting the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the site of action 1.3.1: Routes of administration 1.3.2: Pharmaceutical dosage forms 1.3.3: Factors influencing dosage form choice 1.4: Summary 2. Pharmaceutical solutions 2.2: Definitions and expressions of solubility 2.1.1: Measurement of solubility and solubility curves 2.2: Solvent structure 2.2.1: Hydrogen bonding and the structure of water 2.2.2: Lipid-based media 2.3: Dissolution and solvation 2.4: Factors affecting solubility 2.4.1: Molecular weight 2.4.2: Hydrogen bonding 2.4.3: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups 2.5: Acidity and basicity 2.5.1: pKa and pKb 2.5.2: Acidity and environment 2.6: Salt selection and formation 2.7: Hydrolytic degradation 2.8: Summary 3. Pharmaceutical equilibria 3.1: Essential concepts in thermodynamics 3.1.1: Internal energy, enthalpy and the first law of thermodynamics 3.1.2: Entropy and the second and third laws of thermodynamics 3.1.3: Free energy, chemical potential and equilibrium 3.1.4: Activities of ions in solution 3.2: Phase equilibria 3.2.1: One-component systems and the phase rule 3.2.2: Two-component systems 3.2.3: Osmotic pressure 3.3: Drug delivery: Phase transitions 3.3.1: Diffusion (movement within a phase) 3.3.2: Dissolution (solid -liquid transition) 3.3.3: Partitioning (liquid- liquid transition) 3.3.4: Gas absorption (Gas-liquid phase transition) 3.3.5: Phase transitions during drug delivery 3.4: Summary 4. The pharmaceutical solid phase 4.1: Crystalline and amorphous solids 4.2: The essentials of pharmaceutical crystal structure 4.2.1: Unit cells, crystal systems and lattices 4.2.2: Space groups and space group notation 4.2.3: Crystal planes and faces 4.3: Crystal polymorphism of pharmaceuticals 4.3.1: Relative stabilities of polymorphs 4.3.2: Solvates and hydrates 4.4: Methods of characterising pharmaceutical solids 4.4.1: X-ray diffraction methods 4.4.2: Thermal methods 4.4.3: Other methods of analysis 4.5: Pharmaceutical crystallization 4.5.1: Supersaturation 4.5.2: Nucleation, growth and crystal morphology 4.5.3: Ripening and the rule of stages 4.6: Solid state properties of powder particles 4.6.1: Particle shape 4.6.2: Particle size 4.6.3: Particle surface properties 4.6.4: Gas adsorption 4.6.5: Moisture adsorption 4.6.6: Powder mechanical strength 5. Two phase solid - liquid disperse systems 5.1: Introduction to pharmaceutical disperse systems 5.2: Molecular, colloidal and coarse dispersions 5.3: The physical stability of disperse systems 5.4: Properties of disperse systems 5.4.1: Kinetic properties 5.4.2: Rheology and viscosity 5.4.3: Electrical properties 5.4.4: Interfacial properties 5.4.5: Optical properties 5.5: Suspensions 5.5.1: Nanosuspensions 5.5.2: Coarse suspensions 5.6: Emulsions 5.6.1: Macroemulsions 5.6.2: Multiple emulsions 5.6.3: Microemulsions 5.7: Vesicular systems 5.7.1: Micellar systems 5.7.2: Solubilised systems 5.7.3: Liposomes 5.8: Aerosols 5.9: Foams 5.10: Summary 6. Biological interfaces 6.1: Passive, active and other modes of transport 6.2: Cell membranes 6.3: Partition and partition co-efficients 6.4: Measurement and calculation of partition co-efficients 6.5: Diffusion, diffusion co-efficients and ionisation 6.6: The gastrointestinal barrier 6.7: The blood-brain barrier 6.8: The skin 6.9: Summary 7. Physicochemical aspects of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 7.1: Bioavailability 7.2: Distribution 7.3: Drug target interaction 7.4: Metabolism 7.5: Excretion 7.6: Summary