| Preface to the Revised Edition | p. xi |
| Abbreviations | p. xiv |
| Beyond the New Perspective: Introduction to the Revised Edition of Paul, Judaism, and the Gentiles | p. 1 |
| Retrospective | p. 2 |
| Divergences | p. 12 |
| Paul, the Reformation, and Modern Scholarship | p. 27 |
| The Lutheran Reading of Paul | p. 28 |
| Opposition to the Lutheran Reading | p. 40 |
| A Sociological Approach | p. 51 |
| Jewish Law and Gentile Mission | |
| The Origins of Paul's View of the Law | p. 59 |
| The Evidence of Acts | p. 61 |
| The Cornelius Episode | p. 61 |
| The Origins of the Antiochene Church | p. 64 |
| The Evidence of Paul's Letters | p. 69 |
| A Mission to the Diaspora | p. 70 |
| Gentile Circumcision and the Diaspora Synagogue | p. 74 |
| Jewish Rejection and Gentile Mission | p. 79 |
| Freedom and Alienation | p. 83 |
| Two Sociological Models | p. 86 |
| Qumran | p. 89 |
| The Johannine Community | p. 93 |
| Paul | p. 96 |
| The Galatian Crisis | p. 100 |
| The Origins of the Crisis | p. 100 |
| Mission to Gentiles: Early Debates | p. 102 |
| From the Jerusalem Council to the Antioch Incident | p. 105 |
| The Founding of the Galatian Churches | p. 108 |
| Agitation in Galatia | p. 112 |
| Paul's Response to the Crisis | p. 118 |
| Denunciation | p. 118 |
| Antithesis | p. 121 |
| Reinterpretation | p. 131 |
| Philippi, Corinth and the Jewish Christian Mission | p. 136 |
| Philippians 3: A Postscript to Galatians | p. 137 |
| Place and Time of Writing | p. 137 |
| Denunciation | p. 143 |
| Antithesis | p. 146 |
| "Judaizers" at Corinth? | p. 150 |
| Jewish Christianity in 1 Corinthians? | p. 151 |
| Paul's Opponents in 2 Corinthians 10-13 | p. 152 |
| 2 Corinthians 3 as Evidence for "Judaizers"? | p. 156 |
| Jews, Gentiles, and Romans | |
| Rome in Pauline Perspective | p. 163 |
| The Question of the Purpose of Romans | p. 163 |
| The Origins of Roman Christianity | p. 167 |
| A Divided Community (Romans 14:1-15:13) | p. 175 |
| Gentiles and Jews in Rome (Romans 16) | p. 182 |
| The Evidence of Romans 1:1-17 and 15:14-33 | p. 188 |
| The Social Function of Romans 2 | p. 192 |
| A Sociological Approach to Romans 1-11 | p. 192 |
| Romans 2: Denunciation | p. 197 |
| Critique of the Jewish View of the Covenant | p. 197 |
| The Obedient Gentiles | p. 205 |
| Pauline Antithesis and Its Social Correlate (Romans 3) | p. 217 |
| The Textuality of the Law (Romans 3:1-20) | p. 219 |
| Jews, Gentiles, and Faith (Romans 3:21-31) | p. 231 |
| Secondary Comparisons (Romans 3:27-31) | p. 245 |
| The Law and Christian Identity (Romans 4-8) | p. 259 |
| Reinterpreting Abraham (Romans 4) | p. 260 |
| Grace and Works | p. 262 |
| A Symbol of Unity | p. 265 |
| Christ, Hope, and Reconciliation (Romans 5) | p. 269 |
| The Social Significance of Hope | p. 270 |
| The Universal Christ | p. 273 |
| Grace, Law, and Sin (Romans 6-7) | p. 275 |
| Two Communal Identities | p. 276 |
| The Genesis of Sin | p. 279 |
| Law and Spirit (Romans 7-8) | p. 288 |
| "To those under law as one under law..." | p. 289 |
| A Conflict of Jurisdictions | p. 291 |
| Rehabilitating the Law | p. 296 |
| Election: Reimagining the Scriptural Witness (Romans 9-11) | p. 301 |
| Orientation (Romans 9:1-5) | p. 303 |
| The Pattern of Election (Romans 9:6-29) | p. 308 |
| The Dynamics of Election (Romans 9:30-10:21) | p. 322 |
| The Scriptural Hope (Romans 11:1-36) | p. 334 |
| Conclusion | p. 344 |
| Christ, Law, and Freedom: A Plea for the Sensus Literalis | p. 351 |
| The Prejudice against Particularity | p. 354 |
| The Elements of Christian Grammar | p. 360 |
| Bibliography | p. 370 |
| Index of Authors | p. 388 |
| Index of Subjects | p. 392 |
| Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Texts | p. 394 |
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