| Preface | p. xi |
| Authors' Biographies | p. xiii |
| Introduction: Sensor Systems and Fiber Optics | p. 1 |
| Basic Concepts of Optical Fiber Sensors | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Optical fiber sensors--what are they? | p. 9 |
| Optical fiber sensors--why use them? | p. 11 |
| Optical fiber sensor response functions | p. 11 |
| Optical fiber sensor components | p. 12 |
| Modulators | p. 12 |
| The measurand interface | p. 15 |
| The optical fiber link | p. 16 |
| Fiber optic components and other micro-optics | p. 18 |
| Optical sources for sensors | p. 19 |
| Optical signal detection | p. 20 |
| Signal processing | p. 20 |
| System properties of optical fiber sensors | p. 21 |
| Concluding comments | p. 22 |
| Bibliography | p. 23 |
| Essential Optics | p. 25 |
| The nature of light | p. 25 |
| Historical sketch | p. 25 |
| Electromagnetic waves | p. 26 |
| Polarization | p. 28 |
| The electromagnetic spectrum | p. 30 |
| Emission and absorption of light | p. 31 |
| The elementary processes | p. 31 |
| Elements of laser action | p. 32 |
| Photon statistics | p. 36 |
| Propagation of light | p. 38 |
| Fresnel's equations | p. 38 |
| Reflection and refraction | p. 38 |
| Total internal reflection | p. 44 |
| Interference of light | p. 47 |
| Light waveguiding | p. 48 |
| Interference and diffraction | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Interference | p. 57 |
| Diffraction | p. 64 |
| Gaussian beams and stable optical resonators | p. 68 |
| Coherence | p. 70 |
| Introduction | p. 70 |
| Measure of coherence | p. 72 |
| Wiener-Khinchin theorem | p. 75 |
| Dual-beam interference | p. 76 |
| Polarization optics | p. 80 |
| The polarization ellipse | p. 80 |
| Applications of polarization optics | p. 85 |
| Interaction of light with matter | p. 88 |
| General | p. 88 |
| Classical theory of propagation in uniform dielectric media | p. 88 |
| Dispersion | p. 92 |
| Luminescence | p. 94 |
| Nonlinear optics | p. 96 |
| Photodetection | p. 100 |
| Conclusion | p. 103 |
| Appendix | p. 103 |
| References and bibliography | p. 105 |
| Optical Detectors and Receivers | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| Basic detection principles | p. 108 |
| Intensity modulation and direct detection | p. 108 |
| Coherent detection | p. 112 |
| Materials for detectors | p. 112 |
| Detector types | p. 114 |
| Detectors without internal gain: the p-n and PIN junction diodes | p. 114 |
| The avalanche photodiode | p. 118 |
| The photoconductor | p. 124 |
| Detector technology: present and future | p. 126 |
| Direct detection receivers | p. 131 |
| Coherent detection | p. 142 |
| Conclusions | p. 147 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 147 |
| References | p. 147 |
| Optical Sources | p. 151 |
| Introduction | p. 151 |
| Source requirements | p. 151 |
| The emission process | p. 151 |
| Electrical properties and drive circuitry | p. 153 |
| Modulation behavior of semiconductor diode light sources | p. 154 |
| Light-emitting diodes | p. 156 |
| Device construction | p. 156 |
| Optical properties | p. 160 |
| Operation of light-emitting diodes and superluminescent diodes in sensors | p. 163 |
| Semiconductor diode lasers | p. 164 |
| Laser structures and types | p. 164 |
| Single-mode operation | p. 166 |
| Optical properties | p. 169 |
| Noise and noise reduction | p. 171 |
| Operation in sensors | p. 183 |
| Other optical sources | p. 184 |
| Gas lasers | p. 184 |
| Fiber lasers | p. 185 |
| Glass and crystal host lasers | p. 185 |
| White light sources | p. 185 |
| References | p. 185 |
| Materials Interactions in Optical Fiber Sensors | p. 189 |
| Introduction | p. 189 |
| Extrinsic, intrinsic and evanescent sensors | p. 189 |
| Absorption | p. 190 |
| The use of scattering in absorption measurements | p. 193 |
| Membrane sensors | p. 193 |
| Scattering cell sensors | p. 195 |
| Fluorescence | p. 196 |
| Phosphorescence | p. 199 |
| The evanescent field | p. 200 |
| Surface plasmon resonance | p. 203 |
| Materials aspects of complete fiber systems | p. 204 |
| Choice of fiber | p. 205 |
| Choice of sensing material | p. 206 |
| Conclusion | p. 207 |
| References | p. 207 |
| Fiber Optic Components | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Fiber couplers | p. 210 |
| Coupler principle | p. 210 |
| Fiber couplers: description | p. 212 |
| Performance comparison | p. 217 |
| Polarization effects in couplers | p. 217 |
| Wavelength-division multiplexing and filters | p. 219 |
| Wavelength-division multiplexing in directional couplers | p. 219 |
| Wavelength filters | p. 221 |
| Polarization controllers | p. 223 |
| Fiber polarizers | p. 225 |
| Phase modulators | p. 228 |
| PZT ring phase modulators | p. 230 |
| Fibers with coaxial piezoelectric transducers | p. 232 |
| Fibers with piezoelectric jackets | p. 232 |
| Frequency shifters | p. 234 |
| Principles | p. 234 |
| Birefringent fiber frequency shifters | p. 235 |
| Two-mode fiber frequency shifter | p. 237 |
| Serrodyne frequency shifter | p. 238 |
| Amplifiers and sources | p. 238 |
| Nonlinear amplifiers and sources | p. 239 |
| Evanescent field amplifiers | p. 240 |
| Rare-earth-doped fibers | p. 240 |
| Conclusions | p. 241 |
| Appendix | p. 242 |
| References | p. 243 |
| Optical Fibers for Sensors | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| Fibers with modified polarization properties | p. 250 |
| Introduction to birefringence | p. 250 |
| Fibers with negligible birefringence | p. 251 |
| Linearly birefringent fibers | p. 252 |
| Circularly birefringent fibers | p. 259 |
| Elliptically birefringent fibers | p. 260 |
| Evanescent field devices | p. 262 |
| Introduction | p. 262 |
| D-fibers | p. 262 |
| Hollow-section fibers | p. 262 |
| Fibers made from modified materials | p. 264 |
| Introduction | p. 264 |
| Multicomponent glass fibers | p. 265 |
| Fibers doped with rare earths | p. 265 |
| Conclusions | p. 273 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 273 |
| References | p. 273 |
| Integrated Optics for Sensors | p. 277 |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Fundamentals | p. 278 |
| Theoretical fundamentals: the slab waveguide | p. 278 |
| Structures | p. 281 |
| Theory of strip waveguides | p. 283 |
| Principal structures | p. 285 |
| Combined structures | p. 286 |
| Passive dynamic structures | p. 289 |
| Materials | p. 292 |
| Technology | p. 293 |
| Fabrication of glass waveguides | p. 293 |
| Titanium in-diffusion into LiNbO[subscript 3] | p. 299 |
| III-V compounds | p. 300 |
| Losses | p. 301 |
| Processing steps | p. 301 |
| Coupling | p. 302 |
| Integrated optics circuits in or as sensors | p. 304 |
| Evanescent field sensor | p. 305 |
| Integrated optics and the optical gyroscope | p. 307 |
| Fabry-Perot sensors | p. 309 |
| Other applications | p. 311 |
| Frequency multiplexing | p. 311 |
| Displacement sensors | p. 312 |
| Laser Doppler velocimetry | p. 313 |
| Outstanding problems | p. 314 |
| Conclusions | p. 315 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 315 |
| References | p. 315 |
| Index | p. 319 |
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