Ontology and the Logistic Analysis of Language : An Inquiry into the Contemporary Views on Universals

0. Introduction.- 0.1 The linguistic and logical interests of contemporary philosophy.- 0.2 Natural and logistic languages.- 0.3 The concern of the present study.- 0.31 Speculative grammar.- 0.32 Logistic languages and ontology.- 0.4 Plan of the book.- Appendix I/Brief historical survey of logistic philosophy.- Appendix II/The different traditions of contemporary semiotics.- One / The logistic analysis of language and the relation of representation.- 1. A Philosophical Revolution.- 1.1 The birth of contemporary analytic philosophy.- 1.2 Russell's analysis of relational facts.- 2. From the Theory of Knowledge to the Logical Analysis of Language.- 2.1 The logicist definition of number.- 2.2 Logical constructions in place of epistemological inferences of existence.- 2.3 Philosophy as logical analysis of language.- 3. From the Psychological Concept to the Graphical Sign.- 3.1 The elimination of psychologism and Frege's semantics.- 3.2 Russell's theory of descriptions.- 3.3 Tarski'S Definition of the Concept of Truth.- 4. The Relation of Representation.- 4.1 The sharing of structure and form.- 4.2 The question of the content.- Two / The relation of representation of predicate signs and contemporary views on universals.- 5. Bertrand Russell.- 5.1 Universals as logical atoms.- 5.2 Qualia as individuals.- 5.3 Antinomies in the theory of classes.- 5.4 The hierarchy of types.- 6. Ludwig Wittgenstein.- 6.1 The ideal language without predicate signs.- 6.2 The interpretation of predicate signs of non-ideal languages.- 6.3 Some consequences of Wittgenstein's conception.- 7. Rudolf Carnap.- 7.1 "Well-founded" relations.- 7.2 Synonymity.- 7.21 Kinds of a priori statements.- 7.22 Synonymity in logical syntax and semantics.- 7.3 Conventionalism and positivism.- 8. Stanislaw Le?niewski.- 8.1 The contradictory nature of so-called "general objects".- 8.2 Mereology.- 8.3 OntologyL.- 8.31 The distributive conception of totalities.- 8.32 Shared, unshared and fictitious names.- 8.33 Functors and existential import.- 8.34 Quantifiers without existential import.- 8.4 Lesniewski'S nominalism.- 9. W. V. Quine and N. Goodman.- 9.1 Quine's criterion.- 9.11 To be is to be the value of a variable.- 9.12 Different kinds of variables.- 9.13 On the precise formulation of Quine's criterion.- 9.2 Ontologically different universes of discourse.- 9.21 Individuals and classes.- 9.22 Classes and intensions.- 9.3 A new way of judging ontological points of view.- 9.31 Intensionalism and extensionalism.- 9.32 Platonism and nominalism.- 9.321 Degrees of platonism.- 9.322 Systems and experience.- 9.323 Nominalistic reformulations.- 9.4 The syncategorematic functioning of predicate signs.- 9.41 Quine's views.- 9.42 Goodman's views.- 10. The Interpretations of Predicate Signs.- 10.1 Predicate signs as genuine names.- 10.2 Syncategorematic predicate signs.- 10.21 The equality interpretation.- 10.22 Equalities as a foundation for abstraction.- 10.23 The similarity interpretation.- 10.3 The strictly reistic interpretation.- 11. Conclusion.- 11.1 The value of exact formulation.- 11.2 The intensional background of formal structures and the incompleteness of all formalizations.- 11.3 Logical analysis and formal ontology.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.