On the Problem of Empathy

Foreword.- II. The Essence of Acts of Empathy.- 1. The Method of the Investigation.- 2. Description of Empathy in Comparison with Other Acts.- (a) Outer Perception and Empathy.- (b) Primordiality and Non-primordiality.- (c) Memory, Expectation, Fantasy, and Empathy.- 3. Discussion in Terms of Other Descriptions of Empathy-Especially That of Lipps-and Continuation of the Analysis.- (a) Points of Agreement.- (b) The Tendency to Full Experiencing.- (C) Empathy and Fellow Feeling.- (d) Negative Empathy.- (e) Empathy and a Feeling of Oneness.- (f) Reiteration of Empathy-Reflexive Sympathy.- 4. The Controversy Between the View of Idea and That of Actuality.- 5. Discussion in Terms of Genetic Theories of the Comprehension of Foreign Consciousness.- (a) On the Relationship of Phenomenology to Psychology.- (b) The Theory of Imitation.- (c) The Theory of Association.- (d) The Theory of Inference by Analogy.- 6. Discussion in Terms of Scheler's Theory of the Comprehension of Foreign Consciousness.- 7. Munsterberg's Theory of the Experience of Foreign Consciousness.- III. The Constitution of the Psycho-Physical Individual.- 1. The Pure "I".- 2. The Stream of Consciousness.- 3. The Soul.- 4. "I" and Living Body.- (a) The Givenness of the Living Body.- (b) The Living Body and Feelings.- (c) Soul and Living Body, Psycho-Physical Causality.- (d) The Phenomenon of Expression.- (e) Will and Living Body.- 5. Transition to the Foreign Individual.- (a) The Fields of Sensation of the Foreign Living Body.- (b) The Conditions of the Possibility of Sensual Empathy.- (c) The Consequence of Sensual Empathy and its Absence in the Literature on Empathy Under Discussion.- (d) The Foreign Living Body as the Center of Orientation of the Spatial World.- (e) The Foreign World Image as the Modification of Our Own World Image.- (f) Empathy as the Condition of the Possibility of Constituting Our Own Individual.- (g) The Constitution of the Real Outer World in Intersubjective Experience.- (h) The Foreign Living Body as the Bearer of Voluntary Movement.- (i) The Phenomena of Life.- (k) Causality in the Structure of the Individual.- (l) The Foreign Living Body as the Bearer of Phenomena of Expression.- (m) The Correction of Empathic Acts.- (n) The Constitution of the Psychic Individual and Its Significance for the Correction of Empathy.- (o) Deceptions of Empathy.- (p) The Significance of the Foreign Individual's Constitution for the Constitution of Our Own Psychic Individual.- IV. Empathy as the Understanding of Spiritual Persons.- 1. The Concept of the Spirit and of the Cultural Sciences [Geisteswissenschaften].- 2. The Spiritual Subject.- 3. The Constitution of the Person in Emotional Experiences.- 4. The Givenness of the Foreign Person.- 5. Soul and Person.- 6. The Existence of the Spirit.- 7. Discussion in Terms of Dilthey.- (a) The Being and Value of the Person.- (b) Personal Types and the Conditions of the Possibility of Empathy With Persons.- 8. The Significance of Empathy for the Constitution of Our Own Person.- 9. The Question of the Spirit Being Based on the Physical Body.- Personal Biography.- Notes.