Noise in High-Frequency Circuits and Oscillators

Preface xi

1 Mathematical and System-oriented Fundamentals 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Mathematical basics for the description of noise signals 4
1.3 Transfer of noise signals by linear networks 20

2 Noise of Linear One- and Two-Ports 29
2.1 Noise of one-ports 30
2.2 Noise of two-ports 39
2.3 Noise figure of linear two-ports 54

3 Measurement of Noise Parameters 73
3.1 Measurement of noise power 75
3.2 Measurement of the correlation function and the cross-spectrum 88
3.3 Illustrative interpretation of the correlation 92
3.4 Measurement of the equivalent noise temperature of a one-port 93
3.5 Special radiometer circuits 95
3.6 Measurement of the noise figure 113
3.7 Measurement of minimum noise figure and optimum source impedance 115
3.8 De-embedding of the noise parameters 123
3.9 Alternative determination of the noise temperature of a one-port 125

4 Noise of Diodes and Transistors 127
4.1 Shot noise 128
4.2 Shot noise of Schottky diodes 133
4.3 Shot noise of pn-diodes 137
4.4 Noise of PIK diodes 137
4.5 Noise equivalent circuits of bipolar transistors 140
4.6 Noise of field effect transistors 146

5 Parametric Circuits 163
5.1 Parametric theory 163
5.2 Down converters with Schottky diodes 166
5.3 Mixer circuits 172
5.4 Noise equivalent circuit of pumped Schottky diodes 177
5.5 Noise figure of down-converters with Schottky diodes 184
5.6 Mixers with field effect transistors 186
5.7 Noise figure of down converters with field effect transistors 188
5.8 Harmonic mixers 189
5.9 Noise figure of harmonic mixers 194
5.10 Noise figure measurements of down converters 196
5.11 Noise figure of a parametric amplifier 196
5.12 Up-converters with varactors 205

6 Noise in Non-linear Circuits 207
6.1 Introduction 207
6.2 Problems with the noise characterization of non-linear two-ports 208
6.3 l/f-noise 209
6.4 Amplitude and phase noise 211
6.5 Normalized single sideband noise power density 216
6.6 Amplitude and phase noise of amplifiers 218
6.7 Transformation of amplitude and phase noise in linear two-ports 221
6.8 Amplitude and phase noise in non-linear two-ports 223
6.9 Measurement of the phase noise 230

7 Noise in Oscillators 235
7.1 Two-port and one-port oscillators 235
7.2 Oscillation condition 236
7.3 Noise analysis 238
7.4 Stability condition 242
7.5 Examples 243
7.6 Noise in phase-locked loop circuits 256
7.7 Measurement of the oscillator noise 262
7.8 Disturbing effects of oscillator noise 279

8 Quantization Noise 287
8.1 Quantization noise of analog-to-digital converters 287
8.2 Quantization noise of fractional divider phase locked loops 289

Appendix A Solutions to the problems of Chapter 1 305
Appendix B Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2 315
Appendix C Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3 335
Appendix D Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4 355
Appendix E Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5 365
Appendix F Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6 379
Appendix G Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7 389
Appendix H Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8 401

References 405
Index 408