Nitrates in Groundwater

Fundamental Aspects of Nitrates in Groundwater. The Nitrogen Cycle. The Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Groundwater. Sources of Nitrate to Groundwater. National Survey of Nitrates (and Pesticides) in Drinking Water Wells. Health Concerns Related to Nitrates. Influence of Subsurface Processes. Nitrogen Transformations. Nitrogen Transport And Fate. Factors Influencing Nitrogen Leaching from Fertilizers. Usage of Laboratory Studies. Illustrations of Nitrate Pollution of Groundwater. Illustrations from the United States. Illustrations from European and Other Countries. Vulnerability Mapping of Groundwater Resources. Context of Vulnerability Mapping. Summary of 10 Mapping Techniques. Vulnerability Mapping in Belgium. Groundwater Vulnerability to Agricultural Nitrate Pollution in the United Kingdom. Terrain Suitability Rating for Septic Tank Systems in Canada. Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility in Minnesota. DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential in the United States. Soil/Aquifer Field Evaluation (SAFE). Advantages and Limitations Relative to Vulnerability Mapping. Development of a Nitrate Pollution Index. Conceptual Framework for Development of an Index. Identification of Pertinent Factors. Assignment of Relative Importance Weights. Establishing Methods for Evaluating Pertinent Factors. Determining Aggregation Approach for the Index. Field Testing of the Index. Models for Nitrates in the Subsurface Environment. Source Characterization Models. Nitrate Transport Models. Plume Model for Nitrogen Point Source. Management Models for Prevention and Control. Management Measures for Nitrate Pollution Prevention. Fertilizer Management Measures. Other Management Measures. Treatment Measures for Nitrates in Groundwater. Treatment by Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, or Electrodialysis. Treatment by Biological Denitrification. Treatment by In Situ Denitrification. Treatment by Other Measures. Each chapter concludes with a summary and selected references.