Netherlands Yearbook of International Law

Thereis a considerable amount of literature onthe placewithin the European Com­ munity legalorderof international agreements concluded bythe European Commu­ nityaswellasthoseconcluded bythe Member States,'andthisincludes thecase-law of the European Court of Justice (hereafter 'the Court'P on the matter. Similarly, muchhasbeenwritten ontherelationship between European Community lawandthe legalsystems oftheMemberStatesandontherelationship between international law andnational legalsystems. Incontrast,theplaceofnon-treaty international lawwith­ in the Community legal order has not been the subject of such extensive analysis, 1. See e. g. , E. -V. Petersmann, 'Application of the GAlT bythe Courtof Justiceof the European Communities', 13 CMLRev. (1983)p. 397;T. Hartley , 'International Agreements andthe Community Le­ gal System: Some RecentDevelopments', 8 ELRev. (1983)p. 383; G. Bebr, 'AgreementsConcludedby the Community and their Possible Direct Effect: from International Fruit Company to Kupferberg', 20 CMLRev. (1983)p. 35;E. L. M. Volker, 'The DirectEffectofinternationalAgreements intheCommunity's LegalOrder', I LegalIssues ofEuropean Integration (1983)p. 131;1. Bourgeois, 'Effects ofinternation­ alAgreementson European Community Law:AreTheDiceCast?', 82Michigan LR(1984)p. 1250;1. Rid­ eau, 'Lesaccordsinternationaux danslajurisprudencede laCourde Justicedes Communautes europeen­ nes: Reflexionssur lesrelationsentrelesordresjuridiquesinternational, communautaire et nationaux',94 RGDIP (1990)p. 289;I. Cheyne,'InternationalAgreements andthe European Community LegalSystem', 18ELRev. (1994)p. 581; L. Hancher, 'Constitutionalism, the Community Court and International Law', 25 NYIL (1994)p. 259; P. 1. Kuyper, 'The Community andStateSuccession in RespectofTreaties', in D. CurtinandT. Heukels, eds. , Institutional Dynamics ofEuropean Integration: Essays in Honour ofH. G. Schermers (Dordrecht, MartinusNijhoff 1994)Vol. II, p. 640; J. M. Grimes, 'Conflicts Between EC Law andInternational TreatyObligations:ACaseStudyontheGermanTelecommunications Dispute', 35Har­ vardIU(1994) p. 535;C. Kaddous, 'L'arret Francec.