| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| List of Contributors | p. xv |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. xxiii |
| Science for security and the NATO Mediterranean Dialogue | p. xxiii |
| Environmental and energy security | p. xxv |
| Energy security and climate policy | p. xxvii |
| Summary of chapters | p. xxx |
| The Security Context | |
| Enhancing Security in the Middle East: The Challenges of Regional Cooperation | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| The Israeli-Palestinian conflict | p. 4 |
| Syria: the way ahead | p. 5 |
| The Iraqi situation | p. 6 |
| Iran and nuclear proliferation | p. 7 |
| U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan | p. 8 |
| The Lebanese crisis | p. 9 |
| Sudan and the situation in Darfur | p. 11 |
| Terrorism and understanding Islam | p. 12 |
| The importance of good governance | p. 13 |
| Conclusion: prospects for regional cooperation | p. 14 |
| Renewable Energy Needs and Strategies of the Region | |
| Electricity and Renewable Energy - Israel Profile | p. 19 |
| Introduction: Israel's energy situation as an opportunity for renewables | p. 19 |
| Current and forecasted energy demand and its implications for the development of renewable energy | p. 20 |
| Current and forecasted energy supply | p. 21 |
| Greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions: current and forecasted | p. 25 |
| The current state of renewable energy in Israel | p. 25 |
| Barriers to renewable energy development | p. 30 |
| Renewable energy policies and tools | p. 32 |
| Background | p. 32 |
| Renewable energy development opportunities - general | p. 33 |
| Renewable energy development policies - the case of solar | p. 36 |
| Recommendations for developing renewable energy in Israel | p. 39 |
| The Energy Sector in Jordan - Current Trends and the Potential for Renewable Energy | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| The Jordanian energy sector in the period between 1990 and 2007 | p. 42 |
| Increasing and unquestioned oil dependence: 1990-2002 | p. 42 |
| The onset of energy insecurity: 2003-2007 | p. 43 |
| Meeting increased energy demands: the move to natural gas and oil shale | p. 43 |
| Present situation of the Jordanian energy sector | p. 45 |
| The energy sector national strategy | p. 47 |
| Renewable energy | p. 49 |
| Wind energy | p. 49 |
| Solar energy | p. 49 |
| Bioenergy | p. 50 |
| Other renewable sources | p. 51 |
| Regulatory incentives for renewable energy | p. 51 |
| Conclusions | p. 52 |
| Renewable Energy Profile for Lebanon | p. 55 |
| Introduction: geographical context | p. 55 |
| The energy situation | p. 57 |
| Conventional energy resources and production | p. 57 |
| Renewable energy resources | p. 57 |
| Electricity production and consumption | p. 60 |
| The institutional framework | p. 61 |
| Strategies, policy issues and planning measures | p. 61 |
| The renewable energy institutional framework | p. 63 |
| The status of renewable energy development | p. 65 |
| Renewable energy assessment | p. 65 |
| Research and development | p. 66 |
| Current coordination and cooperation programmes | p. 66 |
| With regional and UN organisations | p. 66 |
| With donor agencies and/or countries | p. 68 |
| Potential fields of cooperation with other ESCWA member states | p. 69 |
| Energy Profile and the Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in Palestin | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Energy sources in Palestine | p. 73 |
| Energy consumption in Palestine | p. 74 |
| Energy problems in Palestine | p. 79 |
| Renewable energy sources in Palestine | p. 81 |
| Climate conditions | p. 81 |
| The potential of renewable energy | p. 82 |
| Market penetration barriers for implementation of renewable energy in Palestine | p. 87 |
| Conclusions | p. 88 |
| Greening Regional Energy Use | |
| Financing Renewable Energy: The Case of Morocco | p. 93 |
| Sustainable development: the case of Morocco | p. 93 |
| Poverty, investment and energy | p. 93 |
| Strategic priorities for Morocco | p. 94 |
| The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) | p. 95 |
| Energy in Morocco | p. 95 |
| Heavy energy spending in the government budget | p. 95 |
| Energy consumption in Morocco | p. 96 |
| Future energy projections | p. 97 |
| Renewable energy in Morocco | p. 97 |
| Starting from a challenging situation | p. 97 |
| Government commitment to developing renewable energy | p. 98 |
| The potential of renewable energy | p. 98 |
| Government objectives for renewable energy development | p. 99 |
| Financing renewable energy | p. 100 |
| Incentives for renewable energy development | p. 100 |
| Developing financial tools | p. 101 |
| Public-private sector partnership model | p. 102 |
| Creating a renewable energy dedicated fund | p. 103 |
| The role of the National Office of Electricity | p. 104 |
| Energy reform | p. 106 |
| Energy in the capital market | p. 107 |
| Conclusion: beyond financial policy | p. 108 |
| Sustainable 'Green' Rural Municipalities | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| Urban and rural cooperation to reduce carbon emissions through waste management | p. 115 |
| Energy in rural communities | p. 117 |
| The green kibbutz | p. 118 |
| Photovoltaic (PV) systems in remote villages | p. 121 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 122 |
| Solar Energy for Application to Desalination in Tunisia: Description of a Demonstration Project | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 126 |
| The water situation in Tunisia | p. 127 |
| The energy situation in Tunisia | p. 130 |
| Conventional energy resources | p. 130 |
| Solar energy potential | p. 130 |
| The rural population in Tunisia | p. 131 |
| Water desalination in Tunisia | p. 134 |
| Water desalination: conventional plants | p. 134 |
| Water desalination by renewable energy sources | p. 135 |
| Solar desalination in Tunisia | p. 136 |
| Experimental pilot studies of desalination in Tunisia | p. 138 |
| Multiple-effect solar still (MESS) distillation project | p. 138 |
| Experimental set-up RO-PV | p. 140 |
| Membrane distillation pilot (MD) | p. 141 |
| Comparison of the systems' performances | p. 142 |
| The desalination demonstration project of Ksar Ghilène | p. 142 |
| Presentation of the project | p. 144 |
| Properties of the desalination plant | p. 145 |
| The photovoltaic power station | p. 145 |
| Control system: load management | p. 146 |
| Results: performance of the RO-PV system | p. 146 |
| Conclusion | p. 147 |
| Wind Energy in Morocco: Which Strategy for Which Development? | p. 151 |
| Introduction | p. 151 |
| Morocco's energy situation | p. 152 |
| The water situation in Morocco | p. 154 |
| Status of renewable energy sources in Morocco | p. 155 |
| Potential of renewable energy | p. 155 |
| Current renewable energy measures in Morocco | p. 155 |
| Potential benefits of domestic wind industry development in Morocco | p. 157 |
| Proposed strategies for better wind energy development in Morocco | p. 157 |
| Introduction | p. 157 |
| Pumped hydro-storage plants | p. 158 |
| Chemical storage: integrated wind hydrogen systems | p. 161 |
| Wind energy strategy analysis | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Global wind energy uptake | p. 165 |
| Why do some countries succeed and others fail in developing a wind energy industry? | p. 166 |
| Conclusion and policy recommendations | p. 170 |
| Policy instruments for fostering wind power technology localisation | p. 171 |
| Institutional aspects of a Regional and Global Energy System | |
| Institutional Aspects of a Regional Energy System | p. 177 |
| Introduction | p. 177 |
| Why renewable energy? | p. 177 |
| Why renewable energy in the Middle East? | p. 179 |
| Middle East renewable energy resources | p. 179 |
| Solar energy | p. 179 |
| Wind energy | p. 181 |
| Bio-energy | p. 182 |
| Hydropower resources | p. 182 |
| Current regional cooperation projects | p. 183 |
| The Red-Dead canal | p. 183 |
| The Al-Wihdah dam | p. 184 |
| Regional energy networking | p. 185 |
| Egypt-Jordan-Syria electrical interconnection | p. 185 |
| The Arab Gas Pipeline project | p. 185 |
| Institutional aspects of regional renewable energy systems | p. 187 |
| American University of Beirut (AUB) regional workshops | p. 187 |
| Conclusions | p. 193 |
| Energy and Water: Interdependent Production and Use, the Remediation of Local Scarcity and the Mutuality of the Impacts of Mismanagement | p. 197 |
| Introduction | p. 198 |
| The energy and water sectors: asymmetries, many differences and some synergies | p. 198 |
| Dynamic narratives-using and trading water and energy | p. 203 |
| Some synergies in the use of hydrocarbons and water resources | p. 209 |
| Three weddings | p. 211 |
| Avoiding two funerals | p. 214 |
| Concluding comments | p. 216 |
| Conclusion: Towards a Renewable Energy Transition in the Middle East and North Africa? | p. 219 |
| A renewable energy transition for the Middle East and North Africa | p. 219 |
| The DESERTEC energy community | p. 221 |
| Regional cooperation capacity for renewable energy | p. 225 |
| Regional investment in clean energy | p. 229 |
| Conclusion | p. 232 |
| Index | p. 237 |
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