| Preface | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| History and Fundamentals | p. 1 |
| Devices for Mixers | p. 6 |
| Balanced and Single-Device Mixers | p. 7 |
| Mixer Design | p. 9 |
| Monolithic Circuits | p. 10 |
| Schottky-Barrier Diodes | p. 11 |
| Schottky-Diode Operation | p. 11 |
| Ideal Junction Characteristics | p. 11 |
| Ideal I/V Characteristic and Junction Capacitance | p. 15 |
| Deviations From Ideality | p. 19 |
| Diode Circuit Model | p. 23 |
| Equivalent Circuit | p. 23 |
| Diode Measurements | p. 25 |
| Microwave-Frequency Diode Measurements | p. 29 |
| Effect of Temperature on Diode Characteristics | p. 35 |
| Mott Diodes | p. 37 |
| Practical Diode Structures | p. 41 |
| Dot-Matrix Diode | p. 41 |
| Dot-Matrix Diode Variants | p. 45 |
| Point-Contact Diodes | p. 46 |
| Beam-Lead Diodes | p. 47 |
| Low-Parasitic Diodes for Millimeter-Wave Applications | p. 49 |
| Diodes for Monolithic Circuits | p. 51 |
| Considerations in Using Dot-Matrix Diodes | p. 53 |
| Mount Mechanical Design | p. 53 |
| Diode Whiskering | p. 55 |
| Packaged Diodes | p. 57 |
| References | p. 58 |
| MESFETs and HEMTs | p. 61 |
| MESHET Structure and Operation | p. 61 |
| Structure | p. 61 |
| Operation of GaAs MESFETs | p. 64 |
| HEMT Structure ad Operation | p. 69 |
| Circuit Models for GaAs MESFETs | p. 71 |
| Lumped Large-Signal Models | p. 71 |
| Curtice Quadratic Model | p. 77 |
| Curtice Cubic Model | p. 78 |
| Materka end Kacprzak Model | p. 79 |
| Statz et al. Model | p. 79 |
| Maas-Neilson Model | p. 80 |
| Modeling FET Resistive Mixers | p. 81 |
| Modeling HEMT Devices | p. 82 |
| Comparison of Models | p. 83 |
| Determining Equivalent-Circuit Parameters | p. 84 |
| Dual-Gate FETs | p. 88 |
| Description | p. 88 |
| Modeling Dual-Gate Devices | p. 88 |
| I/V Characteristics | p. 89 |
| Parameter Extraction for Dual-Gate Devices | p. 90 |
| References | p. 92 |
| Diode Mixer Theory | p. 95 |
| Currents end Voltages in the Pumped Diode | p. 96 |
| Large-Signal Analysis | p. 97 |
| The Diode Model | p. 97 |
| The Harmonic-Balance Equations | p. 99 |
| Solution Algorithms | p. 105 |
| Convergence and Accuracy | p. 113 |
| Improving Speed and Convergence | p. 116 |
| LO Power and Matching | p. 117 |
| Multiple-Diode Mixers | p. 118 |
| Small-Signal Analysis | p. 120 |
| Diode Conductance and Capacitance Waveforms | p. 120 |
| Conversion Matrices | p. 121 |
| Small-Signal Analysis | p. 127 |
| Noise Analysis | p. 135 |
| Noise Sources | p. 135 |
| Mixer Noise Theory | p. 136 |
| Mixer Analysis by General-Purpose Harmonic-Balance Simulators | p. 142 |
| Performance Optimization | p. 144 |
| Image Terminating Impedance and Image Enhancement | p. 146 |
| LO Power | p. 146 |
| Minimizing Intermodulation | p. 148 |
| DC Bias Voltage | p. 148 |
| References | p. 150 |
| System Considerations | p. 153 |
| Internally-Generated Mixer Noise | p. 153 |
| Noise Temperature and Noise Figure | p. 153 |
| Noise Temperature and Noise Figure of an Attenuator | p. 157 |
| Noise Temperature of a Cascade of Stages | p. 158 |
| Mixer Noise Temperature | p. 159 |
| Noise Temperature of a Mixer Receiver | p. 163 |
| Mixer Noise Figure | p. 167 |
| LO-Induced Noise, Intermodulation, and Spurious Signals | p. 171 |
| AM Noise in the LO | p. 172 |
| Phase Noise | p. 173 |
| Internally-Generated Spurious Signals | p. 175 |
| Two-Tone Intermodulation and Saturation | p. 176 |
| Spurious Responses | p. 180 |
| Miscellaneous Considerations | p. 183 |
| Sensitivity of Noise Temperature and Conversion Loss to LO Level and DC Bias | p. 183 |
| Port-to-Port Isolation | p. 185 |
| IF-Port VSWR and Reflected Noise | p. 186 |
| Reactive Terminations in Balanced Mixers | p. 188 |
| Image Noise From an RF Preamplifier | p. 189 |
| LO Power and Bias Leveling | p. 190 |
| Cryogenic Operation of Mixers | p. 190 |
| Methods of Refrigeration | p. 191 |
| Insulation | p. 192 |
| Mechanical Design of Cooled Mixers | p. 193 |
| Diodes and Electrical Considerations | p. 194 |
| Noise Measurements | p. 195 |
| Basic Technique | p. 195 |
| Simultaneous Noise and Gain Measurement | p. 197 |
| Noise Sources | p. 200 |
| Noise Measurement Errors | p. 202 |
| References | p. 203 |
| Single-Diode Mixers | p. 205 |
| Basic Approach | p. 206 |
| Design Rationale | p. 206 |
| Diode Selection | p. 209 |
| Design Methodology | p. 211 |
| Special Considerations for Very-High-Frequency Mixers | p. 212 |
| Single-Diode Mixer Designs | p. 215 |
| Untuned Mixer | p. 215 |
| Waveguide Mixer | p. 216 |
| Accurate Determination of the Embedding Impedances | p. 226 |
| Single-Diode Millimeter-Wave Mixers Using Beam-Lead Diodes | p. 227 |
| Single-Diode Mixers Above 100 GHz | p. 229 |
| References | p. 235 |
| Balanced Mixers | p. 237 |
| Microwave Hybrids | p. 238 |
| Fundamentals of Hybrid Couplers | p. 238 |
| Hybrid Couplers | p. 240 |
| Baluns | p. 255 |
| Singly Balanced Mixers | p. 260 |
| General Concepts | p. 260 |
| 180-Degree Hybrid Mixers | p. 267 |
| Doubly Balanced Mixers | p. 269 |
| Ring Mixers | p. 269 |
| Star Mixer | p. 273 |
| High-Level Doubly Balanced Mixers | p. 275 |
| Subharmonically Pumped Mixers | p. 277 |
| Image-Rejection Mixers | p. 280 |
| SSB Modulators | p. 283 |
| Conclusions | p. 284 |
| References | p. 288 |
| Balanced Mixer Circuits | p. 289 |
| Waveguide Mixers | p. 289 |
| "Magic Tee" Hybrid Mixer | p. 289 |
| Crossbar Mixer | p. 291 |
| Fin-Line Mixers | p. 293 |
| Stripline and Microstrip Mixers | p. 296 |
| Hybrid Ring (Rat-Race) Mixer | p. 296 |
| Slotline Rat-Race Mixer | p. 298 |
| Quadrature Hybrid Mixers | p. 299 |
| Doubly Balanced Mixer Circuits | p. 300 |
| Low-Frequency Ring Mixers | p. 300 |
| Microwave Doubly Balanced Ring Mixers | p. 301 |
| Microwave Star Mixer | p. 303 |
| Biasable Balanced Mixer | p. 308 |
| Subharmonically Pumped Mixers | p. 309 |
| High-Frequency SHP Mixers Using Beam-Lead Diodes | p. 309 |
| Microstrip SHP Mixer | p. 311 |
| References | p. 312 |
| FET Mixers | p. 313 |
| Design of Single-Gate FET Mixers | p. 314 |
| Design Philosophy | p. 314 |
| Approximate Design of Single-Gate Mixers | p. 318 |
| Design Example | p. 320 |
| Numerical Analysis of FET Mixers | p. 322 |
| Dual-Gate Mixers | p. 328 |
| Operation of Dual-Gate Mixers | p. 328 |
| Approximate Small-Signal Analysis of Dual-Gate FET Mixers | p. 331 |
| Balanced FET Mixers | p. 333 |
| Single-Gate Balanced FET Mixers | p. 334 |
| Doubly Balanced FET Mixers | p. 336 |
| FET Resistive Mixers | p. 338 |
| Fundamental Concept | p. 338 |
| Single-Device FET Resistive Mixer | p. 339 |
| Balanced FET Resistive Mixers | p. 340 |
| Distributed Mixers | p. 344 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Monolithic Mixers | p. 349 |
| Applications | p. 349 |
| Communication Receivers | p. 350 |
| Television | p. 350 |
| Radar | p. 350 |
| Characteristics of the Monolithic Medium | p. 351 |
| General Characteristics | p. 351 |
| Materials | p. 351 |
| Circuit Elements | p. 352 |
| Models | p. 353 |
| Testing | p. 354 |
| Circuits | p. 354 |
| Devices | p. 354 |
| FET Circuits | p. 355 |
| Baluns and Hybrids | p. 361 |
| Diode Circuits | p. 364 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |
