Membrane Transport Processes in Organized Systems : Physiology of Membrane Disorders

I: Transport Events in Single Cells.- 1: Active Transport in Escherichia coli: From Membrane to Molecule.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Membrane Vesicles and Active Transport: General Aspects.- 3. Energetics of Active Transport.- 4. Active Transport at the Molecular Level: The ?-Galactoside Transport System.- 5. Summary.- References.- 2: Acidification of Intracellular Organelles: Mechanism and Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Acid Interior.- 3. Generation of ?pH.- 4. Uses of ?pH.- 5. The Nature of the ATPase.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 3: Intracellular pH Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of Intracellular pH.- 3. Cellular Buffering Processes.- 4. Effect of Externally Applied Weak Acids and Bases.- 5. Ion-Transport Systems.- References.- 4: Properties of Ionic Channels in Excitable Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. How Do You Get a Resting Potential?.- 3. How Do You Change the Membrane Potential?.- 4. Ionic Channels.- 5. The Two-State Model.- 6. Real Channels Have More Than Two States.- 7. Na+ Channels.- 8. K+ Channels.- 9. Summary.- References.- 5: Ion Movements in Skeletal Muscle in Relation to the Activation of Contraction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Ultrastructure of the Tubular System in Skeletal Muscle Fibers.- 3. Electrical Properties of the Surface and Tubular Membrane.- 4. Inward Spread of Excitation.- 5. Cellular Ca2+ Movements Related to the Activation of Contraction.- 6. Summary.- References.- 6: Excitable Tissues: The Heart.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multicellular Structure of the Heart.- 3. Electrical Activity in Different Regions of the Heart.- 4. Na+ Channels and Excitability.- 5. Ca2+ Channels and Slow Responses.- 6. K+ Channels Support the Resting Potential and Action Potential Repolarization.- 7. Inward Currents and Pacemaker Activity.- 8. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Modulation of Cardiac Activity.- 9. Summary.- References.- 7: Ion Transport through Ligand-Gated Channels.- 1. Introduction and Overview.- 2. Structure of the Nicotinic AChR.- 3. Immunological Approaches to the Study of the Nicotinic AChR.- 4. Biogenesis, Membrane Localization, and Regulation.- 5. Dose-Response.- 6. Kinetics of Channel Gating.- 7. AChR Cation Selectivity and Permeation.- 8. Ligand-Gated Channels Other Than the AChR.- 9. An Emerging View of Transmitter-Activated Channels.- References.- II: Transport in Epithelia: Vectorial Transport through Parallel Arrays.- 8: Cellular Models of Epithelial Ion Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models of Sodium- and Chloride-Absorbing Epithelial Cells.- 3. A Model for Active Chloride Secretion by Epithelial Cells.- 4. Summary.- References.- 9: Ion Transport by Gastric Mucosa.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of Gastric Epithelial Cells.- 3. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Oxyntic Cells.- 4. Metabolism and Energetics Associated with Gastric HCl Secretion.- 5. Studies with Isolated Cell Fractions and Membranes.- 6. Electrophysiological and Tracer Flux Studies of Gastric Ion Transport.- 7. Summary.- References.- 10: Ion and Water Transport in the Intestine.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models of Intestinal Na+, Cl?, and H2O Transport.- 3. Intestinal Na+ and Cl? Absorption.- 4. Intestinal Na+ and Cl? Secretion.- 5. HCO3?, Short-Chain Fatty Acid, and K+ Transport.- 6. Shunt Pathway and Water Transport.- 7. Control of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport.- 8. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11: The Uptake of Lipids into the Intestinal Mucosa.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Species of Lipids That Are Involved during Fat Absorption.- 3. The Barriers to Lipid Absorption in the Intestine.- 4. Characteristics of the Intestinal Microvillus Membrane Barrier to Lipid Absorption.- 5. Characteristics of the Intestinal Unstirred Water Layer Barrier to Lipid Absorption.- 6. Characteristics of Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Absorption in the Intestine.- 7. Role of Bile Acid Micelles in Facilitating Lipid Absorption in the Intestine.- 8. Nonpolar Lipids.- 9. Summary Description of the Process of Lipid Uptake.- References.- 12: Mechanisms of Bile Secretion and Hepatic Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Determinants of Bile Secretory function.- 3. Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Water and Electrolyte Secretion.- 4. Other Primary Driving Forces for Canalicular Bile Secretion (Bile Acid-Independent Secretion).- 5. Model for Hepatocyte Water and Electrolyte Secretion.- 6. Physiological Modifiers of Hepatocyte Bile Formation.- 7. Organic Anion Solute Transport.- 8. Lipid Excretion in Bile.- 9. Proteins in Bile.- 10. Miscellaneous Substances Found in Bile.- 11. Bile Duct function.- 12. Summary.- References.- 13: The Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mammalian Kidneys.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ultrastructural Considerations.- 3. Characteristics of the Filtration Process.- 4. Quantitative Description of Glomerular Dynamics.- 5. Physiological Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate.- 6. Intrarenal Distribution of Glomerular Filtration Rate.- 7. Summary.- References.- 14: The Proximal Nephron.- 1. General Properties of the Proximal Nephron.- 2. Distribution of Transport Functions along the Proximal Tubule.- 3. Transepithelial Potentials and Passive Permeabilities.- 4. NaCl and NaHCO3 Transport.- 5. Solute-Solvent Coupling-Role of the Intercellular Shunt Pathway.- References.- 15: The Effects of ADH on Salt and Water Transport in the Mammalian Nephron: The Collecting Duct and Thick Ascending Limb of Henle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intracellular Mediators of ADH Action.- 3. The Medullary Thick Ascending Limb.- 4. The Collecting Tubule.- 5. Homology of Hormone Action.- 6. Modulation of the ADH Response.- 7. Summary: Integration of ADH Action on Urinary Concentration.- References.- 16: Urinary Concentrating and Diluting Processes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Renal Structure.- 3. Basic Concepts.- 4. Handling of Individual Solutes in the Medulla.- 5. Properties of the Thin Limbs of Henle's Loops.- 6. Concentration in the Inner Medulla.- 7. Summary.- References.- 17: Transport Functions of the Distal Convoluted Tubule.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Heterogeneity.- 3. Transepithelial Net Transport of Solutes and Water.- 4. Electrophysiological Considerations.- 5. Mechanisms of Transport.- 6. Summary.- References.- 18: The Respiratory Epithelium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Tracheal Epithelium.- 3. The Bronchial Epithelium.- 4. The Alveolar Epithelium.- 5. The Fetal Lung.- 6. Summary.- References.