| Preface | p. ix |
| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Particle Size Distributions | p. 3 |
| Frequency and count distributions | p. 3 |
| The log-normal distribution | p. 4 |
| Cumulative distributions | p. 5 |
| Mass and volume distributions | p. 5 |
| Cumulative mass and volume distributions | p. 7 |
| Obtaining [sigma subscript g] for log-normal distributions | p. 7 |
| Obtaining the total mass of an aerosol from its MMD, [sigma subscript g] and number of particles/unit volume | p. 8 |
| Other distribution functions | p. 9 |
| Summary of mean and median aerosol particle sizes | p. 10 |
| Motion of a Single Aerosol Particle in a Fluid | p. 17 |
| Drag force | p. 18 |
| Settling velocity | p. 19 |
| Settling velocities for droplets | p. 21 |
| Particle-particle interactions in settling of particles | p. 21 |
| Drag force on very small particles | p. 22 |
| Brownian diffusion | p. 23 |
| Motion of particles relative to the fluid due to particle inertia | p. 25 |
| Estimating the importance of inertia: the Stokes number | p. 26 |
| Particle relaxation time | p. 28 |
| Particle stopping (or starting) distance | p. 30 |
| Similarity of particle motion: the concept of aerodynamic diameter | p. 32 |
| Effect of induced electrical charge | p. 35 |
| Space charge | p. 40 |
| Effect of high humidity on electrostatic charge | p. 43 |
| Particle Size Changes due to Evaporation or Condensation | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Water vapor concentration at an air-water interface | p. 47 |
| Effect of dissolved molecules on water vapor concentration at an air-water interface | p. 49 |
| Assumptions needed to develop simplified hygroscopic theory | p. 52 |
| Simplified theory of hygroscopic size changes for a single droplet: mass transfer rate | p. 57 |
| Simplified theory of hygroscopic size changes for a single droplet: heat transfer rate | p. 60 |
| Simplified theory of droplet growth or evaporation of a single droplet whose temperature is constant | p. 62 |
| Use of the constant temperature equation for variable temperature conditions and a single droplet | p. 63 |
| Inapplicability of constant temperature assumption during transients | p. 66 |
| Modifications to simplified theory for multiple droplets: two-way coupled effects | p. 67 |
| When are hygroscopic size changes negligible? | p. 68 |
| Effect of aerodynamic pressure and temperature changes on hygroscopic effects | p. 71 |
| Corrections to simplified theory for small droplets | p. 72 |
| Kelvin effect | p. 72 |
| Fuchs (or Knudsen number) corrections | p. 77 |
| Corrections to account for Stefan flow | p. 79 |
| Exact solution for Stefan flow | p. 82 |
| When can Stefan flow be neglected? | p. 85 |
| Introduction to the Respiratory Tract | p. 93 |
| Basic aspects of respiratory tract geometry | p. 93 |
| Breath volumes and flow rates | p. 98 |
| Fluid Dynamics in the Respiratory Tract | p. 105 |
| Incompressibility | p. 105 |
| Nondimensional analysis of the fluid equations | p. 106 |
| Secondary flow patterns | p. 111 |
| Reduction of turbulence by particle motion | p. 114 |
| Temperature and humidity in the respiratory tract | p. 115 |
| Interaction of air and mucus fluid motion | p. 116 |
| Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Tract | p. 119 |
| Sedimentation of particles in inclined circular tubes | p. 119 |
| Poiseuille flow | p. 121 |
| Laminar plug flow | p. 123 |
| Well-mixed plug flow | p. 124 |
| Randomly oriented circular tubes | p. 127 |
| Sedimentation in alveolated ducts | p. 131 |
| Deposition by impaction in the lung | p. 133 |
| Deposition in cylindrical tubes due to Brownian diffusion | p. 138 |
| Simultaneous sedimentation, impaction and diffusion | p. 143 |
| Deposition in the mouth and throat | p. 148 |
| Deposition models | p. 149 |
| Lagrangian dynamical models | p. 150 |
| Eulerian dynamical models | p. 151 |
| Understanding the effect of parameter variations on deposition | p. 154 |
| Respiratory tract deposition | p. 156 |
| Slow-clearance from the tracheo-bronchial region | p. 158 |
| Intersubject variability | p. 161 |
| Comparison of models with experimental data | p. 162 |
| Targeting deposition at different regions of the respiratory tract | p. 164 |
| Deposition in diseased lungs | p. 166 |
| Effect of age on deposition | p. 167 |
| Conclusion | p. 169 |
| Jet Nebulizers | p. 175 |
| Basic nebulizer operation | p. 175 |
| The governing parameters for primary droplet formation | p. 178 |
| Linear stability of air flowing across water | p. 181 |
| Droplet sizes estimated from linear stability analysis | p. 185 |
| Primary droplet formation | p. 186 |
| Primary droplet breakup due to abrupt aerodynamic loading | p. 187 |
| Primary droplet breakup due to gradual aerodynamic loading | p. 191 |
| Empirical correlations | p. 195 |
| Droplet production by impaction on baffles | p. 202 |
| Degradation of drug due to impaction on baffles | p. 209 |
| Aerodynamic size selection of baffles | p. 209 |
| Cooling and concentration of nebulizer solutions | p. 212 |
| Nebulizer efficiency and output rate | p. 216 |
| Charge on droplets produced by jet nebulization | p. 216 |
| Summary | p. 218 |
| Dry Powder Inhalers | p. 221 |
| Basic aspects of dry powder inhalers | p. 221 |
| The origin of adhesion: van der Waals forces | p. 222 |
| van der Waals forces between actual pharmaceutical particles | p. 227 |
| Surface energy: a macroscopic view of adhesion | p. 230 |
| Effect of water capillary condensation on adhesion | p. 234 |
| Electrostatic forces | p. 239 |
| Excess charge | p. 239 |
| Contact and patch charges | p. 241 |
| Powder entrainment by shear fluidization | p. 243 |
| Laminar vs. turbulent shear fluidization | p. 244 |
| Particle entrainment in a laminar wall boundary layer | p. 246 |
| Particle entrainment in a turbulent wall boundary layer | p. 255 |
| Entrainment by bombardment: saltation | p. 258 |
| Turbulent deaggregation of agglomerates | p. 258 |
| Turbulent scales | p. 259 |
| Particle detachment from an agglomerate directly by aerodynamic forces | p. 264 |
| Particle detachment from an agglomerate by turbulent transient accelerations | p. 267 |
| Particle detachment by mechanical acceleration: impaction and vibration | p. 269 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 273 |
| Metered Dose Propellant Inhalers | p. 277 |
| Propellant cavitation | p. 278 |
| Fluid dynamics in the expansion chamber and nozzle | p. 283 |
| Post-nozzle droplet breakup due to gradual aerodynamic loading | p. 288 |
| Post-nozzle droplet evaporation | p. 290 |
| Add-on devices | p. 291 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 292 |
| Index | p. 295 |
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