Preface Acknowledgements Introduction to Plastics Organization of the Plastic Goods Manufacturing Process Plastics Versus Metals A Brief Explanation of Plastics for the Fastener Engineer Thermoplastics Versus Thermoset ( Cross-Linked_ Plastics Thermoplastic Subgroups Thermoset Plastics Reaction Injection Molding and Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding Processes Fillers Plasticizers References Bibliography Mechanical Fasteners Used in Plastics Permanent Assemblies The Challenge: Disassembly Metal Thread-Forming and Thread Cutting Screws for Plastics Need for New Screw Types Thread-Rolling Screws Especially Designed for Use in Plastics Only Guidance Can Be Given References Bibliography Fastening Characteristics of Plastics Stiffness in Plastics Reinforcements: Effects on Plastics Crystallinity in Plastics Molecular Weight Moisture Content Elasticity and Resiliency in Plastics Crazing Annealing and Thermal Treatments Concluding Thoughts References Bibliography Generic Name Plastics Thermoplastic Resins, crystalline Polyolefins High-Performance, Thermoplastic Crystalline Polymers Vinyls High-performance, thermoplastic Amorphous Polymers Thermoplastic Structural Foam Thermoset Plastics Thermoset Foam Plastics Trademarks Cross-referenced in Chapter 5 References Bibliography Tradename Plastics Bakelite-Phenolic (Union Carbide Corporation, Specialty Chemicals and Plastics Division) Celanex (Celanese Plastics and Specialties Company) Celcon (Celanese Plastics and Specialties Company) Cycolac (Marbon Division, Borg-Warner Chemicals) Delrin ( E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co) Durez (Occidental Chemical Corporation) Fiberesin (Formerly Made by United States Gypsum) Gafite-Gaftuf ( GAF Corporation, Engineering Plastics Department) Genal (General Electric Company, Specialty Plastics Division) Glaskyd (American Cyanimid Company, Organic Chemicals Division) Glastic (Glastic Corporation) Kralastic (Uniroyal Chemical , Division of Uniroyal, Inc.) Lexan (General Electric Company, Specialty Plastics Division) Merlon (Mobay Chemical Company) Minlon (E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co) Moplen (USS Novamont Inc.) Noryl ( General Electric Company, Specialty Plastics Division) Nylafil (Fiberfil Division, Dart Industries Inc.) Polycarbafil (Fiberfil Division, Dart Industries Inc.) 1900 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polymer ( Hercules, Inc.) Pro-Fax ( Hercules Inc.) Profil (Fiberfil Division, Dart Industries Inc.) Royalex (Uniroyal Chemical, Division of Uniroyal Inc.) Rynite (E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co) Ryton (Phillips Chemical Company, Plastics Technical Center) Teflon ( E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and co) Tenite (Eastman Chemical Products Inc., Plastics Division) Tivar (Poly-Hi/ Menasha Corp) Ultem (General Electric Company, Specialty Plastics Division) Valox (General Electric Company Specialty Plastic Division) Vaspel ( E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co.) Victrex ( ICI Americas) Vydyne ( Monsanto Company) Zytel ( E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co.) Fastening Site Design Considerations: Threaded Fasteners Fastening site Design: Self-Threading Screws Assembly Considerations: Self Threading Screws Assembly Equipment: Self Threading Service Troubleshooting Self Threading Screws Tapping in Plastics Reference Bibliography Typical Applications Machine Screw versus Special Design Screws for Plastics Screw Selection Affects an Automotive Assembly Line Failure to Check Out the Fastening Site with a Laboratory Effect of Different Molding Techniques Obtaining a Consistent Magnitude of Torque with Small Screws A Problem Just the Opposite of the Usual The Importance of Correct Boss Design When Screw Selection Is Not Thoroughly Tested A Case Study in Structural Foam and Some Famous Last Words Automatic Assembly Demands Close Attention to Fastener Specifications Bibliography The Fastener Laboratory The Need for Reliable Laboratories in the Fastening Industry Functions of a Fastener Laboratory Definitions of Terms Used Determining Optimum Hole Sizes Laboratory Equipment in Analysis of Plastics Applications Laboratory Study Examples References Power Screwdriving Equipment Selection of the Driver Tool Explanation of "Soft" and "Hard" Draw, Slam or Pull-Up Screwdriver Configuration Electric or Pneumatic Drivers? Driving Methods for Air-Powered Portable Screwdrivers Making the Choice of Type of Screwdriver Operating Speeds Accuracy Torque Level Ranges Torque Control and Size Selection in Plastic Applications Manufacturers ( Portable, Air Powered Screwdrivers) A Word About Fastener Pick-Up Methods Bench Model Automatic Screwdrivers References Bibliography Inserts and Insertion Methods Insert Categories In-Place Molded Inserts Expansion Inserts Cap Nuts Helically Coiled Wire Thread Inserts Ultrasonic Insertion Summary: Insert for Frequent Disassembly Usage and Push-In Fasteners References Bibliography Appendix 1 Tradenames and Manufacturers Appendix 2 Some Questions to Ask About Fastener Application In Plastics Appendix 3 Summary: Fastener Recomendations index
