| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Mathematics and Mathematicians | p. 7 |
| The Concept of Mathematics | p. 7 |
| A Mathematician's Life | p. 8 |
| The Work of Mathematicians and the Mathematical Community | p. 12 |
| Masters and Schools | p. 14 |
| The Nature of Mathematical Problems | p. 19 |
| "Pure" Mathematics and "Applied" Mathematics | p. 19 |
| Theoretical Physics and Mathematics | p. 21 |
| Applications of Mathematics in the Classical Era | p. 21 |
| The Utilitarian Attacks | p. 25 |
| Fashionable Dogmas | p. 26 |
| Conclusions | p. 28 |
| Objects and Methods in Classical Mathematics | p. 29 |
| The Birth of Pre-Mathematical Ideas | p. 31 |
| The Idea of Proof | p. 33 |
| Axioms and Definitions | p. 35 |
| Geometry, from Euclid to Hilbert | p. 37 |
| Numbers and Magnitudes | p. 41 |
| The Idea of Approximation | p. 45 |
| The Evolution of Algebra | p. 49 |
| The Method of Coordinates | p. 51 |
| The Concept of Limit and the Infinitesimal Calculus | p. 56 |
| App. 1. Calculation of Ratios in Euclid's Book V | p. 64 |
| App. 2. The Axiomatic Theory of Real Numbers | p. 65 |
| App. 3. Approximation of the Real Roots of a Polynomial | p. 68 |
| App. 4. Arguments by "Exhaustion" | p. 70 |
| App. 5. Applications of Elementary Algorithms of the Integral Calculus | p. 72 |
| Some Problems of Classical Mathematics | p. 77 |
| Intractable Problems and Sterile Problems | p. 77 |
| Prolific Problems | p. 82 |
| App. 1. Prime Numbers of the Form 4k-1 or 6k-1 | p. 93 |
| App. 2. The Decomposition of [actual symbol not reproducible](s) as a Eulerian Product | p. 93 |
| App. 3. Lagrange's Method for the Solution of ax[superscript 2] + bxy + cy[superscript 2] = n in Integers | p. 95 |
| App. 4. Bernoulli Numbers and the Zeta Function | p. 98 |
| New Objects and New Methods | p. 103 |
| New Calculations | p. 105 |
| The First Structures | p. 121 |
| The Language of Sets and General Structures | p. 133 |
| Isomorphisms and Classifications | p. 146 |
| Mathematics of Our Day | p. 152 |
| Intuition and Structures | p. 163 |
| App. 1 The Resolution of Quartic Equations | p. 167 |
| App. 2 Additional Remarks on Groups and on the Resolution of Algebraic Equations | p. 168 |
| App. 3 Additional Remarks on Rings and Fields | p. 174 |
| App. 4. Examples of Distances | p. 184 |
| App. 5. Fourier Series | p. 192 |
| Problems and Pseudo-Problems about "Foundations" | p. 203 |
| Non-Eueclidean Geometries | p. 204 |
| The Deepening of the Concept of Number | p. 213 |
| Infinite Sets | p. 218 |
| "Paradoxes" and their Consequences | p. 222 |
| The Rise of Mathematical Logic | p. 228 |
| The Concept of "Rigorous Proof" | p. 235 |
| App. 1. Geometry on a Surface | p. 239 |
| App. 2. Models of the Real Numbers | p. 245 |
| App. 3. Theorems of Cantor and of his School | p. 247 |
| Index 1. Historical Index | p. 255 |
| Index 2. Standard Notation | p. 281 |
| Index 3. Index of Terminology | p. 282 |
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