Market Integration in the European Community

One: Market Integration From Below.- 1 Some efficiency effects of customs union.- 1.1 The theory of customs union.- 1.1.1 Basic propositions;.- 1.1.2 An economic case for the customs union;.- 1.1.3 Refinements.- 1.2 Empirical measurements for the European Community.- 1.2.1 Some caveats; 1.2.2 Ex-ante empirical studies;.- 1.2.3 Ex-post empirical studies.- 1.3 Improving technical efficiency.- 1.3.1 A simple model;.- 1.3.2 Qualifications and extensions;.- 1.3.3 An industrial economics approach.- 1.4 Some conjectures about the EC case.- Notes.- 2 Customs union and economies of scale.- 2.1 Efficiency effects once again.- 2.1.1 Technical economies of scale;.- 2.1.2 Customs union and decreasing costs;.- 2.1.3 A stronger case for the customs union?.- 2.2 Other supply economies.- 2.3 Economies of scale in the EC.- 2.3.1 Technical economies of scale.- 2.3.2 Economies of multiplant firms.- Notes.- 3 Customs union, market structure and firm size.- 3.1 Customs union and initial domestic monopoly.- 3.1.1 Imports from partners;.- 3.1.2 Intra-union exports.- 3.2 Intra-union trade and seller concentration over time.- 3.2.1 Theoretical considerations;.- 3.2.2 Empirical evidence;.- 3.2.2.1 General tests;.- 3.2.2.2 Case-studies: electric appliances and cars.- 3.3 Customs union and innovation.- 3.3.1 The product life cycle in a customs union setting;.- 3.3.2 Competition by innovation.- 3.4 Customs union and firm size over time.- Notes.- 4 Customs union and intra-industry trade.- 4.1 Defining and measuring intra-industry trade.- 4.2 The emerging theory of intra-industry trade.- 4.2.1 Monopolistic competition, scale and intra-union trade;.- 4.2.2 Oligopoly and intra-union trade.- 4.3 Intra-industry trade in the Community.- 4.4 Empirical tests.- 4.5 Epilogue.- Notes.- 5 Customs union and international production.- 5.1 Customs union, foreign production and 'welfare'.- 5.2 Direct investments and trade theory.- 5.3 Did the EC attract US direct investment? Empirical tests on the aggregate level.- 5.4 Did the EC attract US direct investment? An industrial economics approach.- 5.4.1 The theory of international production;.- 5.4.2 Explaining US direct investments in the Community.- 5.5 The 'American Challenge' and European market integration.- 5.6 Community direct investments in the European Community.- 5.6.1 Estimates of intra-Community direct investment;.- 5.6.2 Towards a theory of intra-union foreign production;.- 5.6.2.1 The single union-market perspective;.- 5.6.2.2 The firm-strategic perspective;.- 5.6.3 Implications for market integration-from-below.- Notes.- Two: Market Integration from Above.- 6 The Community's internal market.- 6.1 Some legal properties of the Common Market.- 6.2 Integration of industrial product markets.- 6.2.1 Border interventions;.- 6.2.1.1 The customs union;.- 6.2.1.2 National product regulations and market access;.- 6.2.1.3 Other disparities hampering intra-EC trade;.- 6.2.2 Domestic interventions;.- 6.2.2.1 The economic order of the EEC Treaty;.- 6.2.2.2 Community versus domestic interventions.- 6.3 Market segmentation by enterprises.- 6.4 Beyond product market integration.- 6.4.1 A disparate set;.- 6.4.2 Capital market integration.- Notes.- 7 The Competition Regime.- 7.1 Objectives.- 7.2 What kind of competition?.- 7.3 The scope of the EC Competition Regime.- 7.4 Private firm behavior.- 7.4.1 Cartels and concerted practices;.- 7.4.2 Abuse of dominant position;.- 7.4.2.1 Community law;.- 7.4.2.2 Theoretical considerations;.- 7.4.2.3 Mergers.- 7.5 Links with other EC policies.- 7.6 The consumer and Community-wide competition.- Notes.- 8 The Common Commercial Policy.- 8.1 Objectives.- 8.2 Commercial policy assignments to the Community.- 8.3 Forms of common trade policy.- 8.4 Commercial diplomacy vis-a-vis developed economies.- 8.5 Trade policy as development policy.- 8.5.1 Preferentialism: an analysis;.- 8.5.2 Preferentialism: the Community practice;.- 8.5.3 The Lome Conventions.- 8.6 The product structure of Community protection.- 8.6.1 Industrial tariff protection;.- 8.6.2 Industrial volume protection.- 8.7 Anti-dumping policy.- Notes.- 9 Community Policies for industry.- 9.1 Nature and scope of industrial policy.- 9.2 Community and national competences in industrial policy.- 9.3 Community surveillance.- 9.3.1 National public aids;.- 9.3.2 Crisis cartels;.- 9.3.3 Public firms;.- 9.3.4 Public procurement.- 9.4 Positive industrial policy.- 9.4.1 Community funds for industry;.- 9.4.2 Firm size policies;.- 9.4.3 Advanced industries.- 9.5 Trade policy as industrial policy.- 9.6 Searching for coherence.- Notes.