Manganese in Soils and Plants

Historical Preface.- 1. An Introduction to Manganese Biological Chemistry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Manganese chemistry.- 3. The biological chemistry of Mn.- 4. Summary.- Manganese in Soils.- 2. Geochemistry of Manganese in Soil.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The crystal chemistry of Mn.- 3. Manganese in rock-forming minerals.- 4. Manganese in soils.- 5. Conclusions.- 3. Inorganic Reactions of Manganese in Soils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Solubility relationships of Mn solid phases.- 3. Forms of Mn in soil solution.- 4. Surface reactions.- 5. Fertilizer reactions.- 4. Manganese Redox Reactions and Organic Interactions in Soils.- 1. Introduction: Mn, key to life.- 2. Soil Mn redox methods.- 3. pH and pe.- 4. Reverse dismutation of Mn.- 5. Electron demand and net oxidation studies.- 6. Manganese(III) catalysis and free radicals.- 7. Contributions of components of the living soil.- 8. Manganese mediation of soil N transformations.- 9. Role of Mn in formation of humic polymers.- 5. The Biology of Manganese Transforming Microorganisms in Soil.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ecology.- 3. Taxonomy.- 4. Physiology and biochemistry.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Determination of Plant-available Soil Manganese.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Plant factors in soil Mn availability.- 3. Soil Mn.- 4. Soil tests for plant available Mn.- 5. Available soil Mn.- 6. Conclusions.- Manganese in Plants.- 7. The Uptake and Translocation of Manganese by Plant Roots.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The nature of the supply of Mn to the root surface.- 3. Electrochemical considerations.- 4. Kinetics of Mn2+ uptake.- 5. Metabolic dependence of Mn2+ uptake.- 6. Interactions between the uptake and translocation of Mn2+ and other ions.- 7. Uptake rates compared with growth requirement for Mn.- 8. Concluding remarks.- 8. Distribution and Movement of Manganese in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of Mn in plants.- 3. Distribution of Mn in plants.- 4. Conclusions.- 9. The Biochemistry of Manganese in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Manganese in proteins.- 3. Manganese as a cofactor.- 4. C4 photosynthesis.- 5. Concluding remarks.- 10. Physiological Functions of Manganese in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth physiology of Mn.- 3. Environmental interactions with Mn.- 4. Manganese in metabolism.- 5. Future directions.- 11. The Role of Manganese in Disease Resistance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of disease on Mn.- 3. Effect of Mn on disease.- 4. Mechanisms of disease control with Mn.- 5. Conclusions.- 12. The Physiology of Manganese Toxicity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Manganese toxicity symptoms.- 3. Factors affecting Mn tolerance levels of plant tissues.- 4. Relationships between toxicity symptoms and physiological effects of high Mn concentrations in plant tissues.- 5. Physiology of differential Mn tolerance.- 6. Summary and conclusions.- Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems.- 13. Mechanisms of Manganese Acquisition by Roots from Soils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Plant and soil factors in absorption.- 3. Dynamics of Mn at the soil-root interface (rhizosphere).- 4. Conclusions.- 14. Occurence and Correction of Manganese Deficiency in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence of Mn deficiency.- 3. Prevention and correction of Mn deficiency.- 4. Conclusions.- 15. Manganese Fertilizers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The chemistry of Mn sources.- 3. Incorporation of Mn into macro-nutrient fertilizers.- 4. Conclusions.- 16. Detection of Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnosis of Mn deficiency.- 3. Prognosis of Mn deficiency.- 4. Diagnosis of Mn toxicity.- 5. Conclusions.- 17. Genotypic Differences in Tolerance to Manganese Deficiency.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The agronomic case for breeding for Mn efficiency.- 3. Genotypic differences in tolerance to Mn efficiency.- 4. Genetics of Mn efficiency.- 5. Mechanisms of Mn efficiency.- 6. Screening techniques for identifying Mn-efficient genotypes.- 7. Conclusions.- 18. Distribution and Amelioration of Manganese Toxic Soils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The global distribution of Mn toxic soils.- 3. The development of Mn toxic soils.- 4. The amelioration of Mn toxic soils.- 5. Conclusions.- 19. Genetics and Breeding of Plants Tolerant of Manganese Toxicity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Examples of differential tolerance.- 3. Breeding for Mn tolerance.- 4. Development and use of Mn tolerant germplasm.- 5. Physiology of differential Mn tolerance.- 7. Conclusions.- 20. Techniques for Research on Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Solution culture systems.- 3. Seed reserves of Mn.- 4. Manganese oxides as sources of Mn.- 5. Analysis and detection of Mn in soils and plants.- 6. Soil preparation and pot culture.- 7. Fractionation procedures.- 21. Manganese in Soils and Plants - An Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reactions of Mn in soils and plants.- 3. Diagnosis and correction of Mn deficiency and toxicity.- 4. Conclusion.- Glossary of Plant Names.