Magnetism

From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics

By: Hans Christoph Siegmann, Joachim Stohr

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Hardcover | 15 September 2006

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844 Pages

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This text book gives a comprehensive account of magnetism, one of the oldest yet most vibrant fields of physics. Perhaps uniquely, it discusses spin transport and magnetization dynamics phenomena associated with atomically and spin engineered nano-structures. It does this against the backdrop of spintronics and magnetic storage and memory applications. In addition to summarizing developments in this new field of research the book also discusses magnetism applying synchrotron radiation. In short, the book reviews the fundamental physical concepts of the subject and uses them in a coherent fashion to explain some of the problems and applications at the forefront of magnetism. The book is written for undergraduate and graduate level students, and it should also serve as a state-of-the-art reference for scientists in academia and research laboratories.

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Introduction	p. 1
Magnetism: Magical yet Practical	p. 1
History of Magnetism	p. 3
Magnetism, Neutrons, Polarized Electrons, and X-rays	p. 12
Spin Polarized Electrons and Magnetism	p. 15
Polarized X-rays and Magnetism	p. 22
Developments in the Second Half of the 20th Century	p. 25
Some Thoughts about the Future	p. 30
About the Present Book	p. 32
Fields and Moments
Electric Fields, Currents, and Magnetic Fields	p. 39
Signs and Units in Magnetism	p. 39
The Electric Field	p. 39
The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field	p. 40
High Current Densities	p. 45
Magnetic and Electric Fields inside Materials	p. 47
The Relation of the Three Magnetic Vectors in Magnetic Materials	p. 49
Stray and Demagnetizing Fields of Thin Films	p. 52
Applications of Stray and Demagnetizing Fields	p. 54
Symmetry Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields	p. 57
Parity	p. 57
Time Reversal	p. 59
Magnetic Moments and their Interactions with Magnetic Fields	p. 61
The Classical Definition of the Magnetic Moment	p. 61
From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Magnetic Moments	p. 64
The Bohr Magneton	p. 65
Spin and Orbital Magnetic Moments	p. 66
Magnetic Dipole Moments in an External Magnetic Field	p. 68
The Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field	p. 69
The Force on a Magnetic Dipole in an Inhomogeneous Field	p. 72
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment	p. 74
The Mott Detector	p. 79
Magnetic Force Microscopy	p. 83
The Torque on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field	p. 84
Precession of Moments	p. 85
Damping of the Precession	p. 87
Magnetic Resonance	p. 91
Time-Energy Correlation	p. 97
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	p. 97
Classical Spin Precession	p. 98
Quantum Mechanical Spin Precession	p. 99
Time Dependent Fields	p. 105
Overview	p. 105
Basic Concepts of Relativistic Motion	p. 106
Length and Time Transformations Between Inertial Systems	p. 106
Electric and Magnetic Field Transformations between Inertial Systems	p. 107
Fields of a Charge in Uniform Motion: Velocity Fields	p. 109
Characteristics of Velocity Fields	p. 109
Creation of Large Currents and Magnetic Fields	p. 112
Creation of Ultrashort Electron Pulses and Fields	p. 115
The Temporal Nature of Velocity Fields	p. 118
Acceleration Fields: Creation of EM Radiation	p. 121
Polarized X-rays: Synchrotron Radiation	p. 125
Brighter and Shorter X-ray Pulses: From Undulators to Free Electron Lasers	p. 133
Polarized Electromagnetic Waves	p. 141
Maxwell's Equations and their Symmetries	p. 142
The Electromagnetic Wave Equation	p. 143
Intensity, Flux, Energy, and Momentum of EM Waves	p. 145
The Basis States of Polarized EM Waves	p. 147
Photon Angular Momentum	p. 147
Linearly Polarized Basis States	p. 148
Circularly Polarized Basis States	p. 149
Chirality and Angular Momentum of Circular EM Waves	p. 153
Summary of Unit Polarization Vectors	p. 154
Natural and Elliptical Polarization	p. 155
Natural Polarization	p. 155
Elliptical Polarization	p. 156
The Degree of Photon Polarization	p. 157
Transmission of EM Waves through Chiral and Magnetic Media	p. 159
History and Concepts of Magnetic Interactions
Exchange, Spin-Orbit, and Zeeman Interactions	p. 167
Overview	p. 167
The Spin Dependent Atomic Hamiltonian or Pauli Equation	p. 169
Independent Electrons in a Central Field	p. 170
Interactions between two Particles - Symmetrization Postulate and Exclusion Principle	p. 172
The Exchange Interaction	p. 175
Electron Exchange in Atoms	p. 175
Electron Exchange in Molecules	p. 180
Magnetism and the Chemical Bond	p. 186
From Molecules to Solids	p. 188
The Heisenberg Hamiltonian	p. 190
The Hubbard Hamiltonian	p. 193
Heisenberg and Hubbard Models for H[subscript 2]	p. 195
Summary and Some General Rules for Electron Exchange	p. 202
The Spin-Orbit Interaction	p. 203
Fine Structure in Atomic Spectra	p. 203
Semiclassical Model for the Spin-Orbit Interaction	p. 204
The Spin-Orbit Hamiltonian	p. 206
Importance of the Spin-Orbit Interaction	p. 209
Hund's Rules	p. 209
The Zeeman Interaction	p. 212
History and Theory of the Zeeman Effect	p. 212
Zeeman Versus Exchange Splitting of Electronic States	p. 218
Importance of the Zeeman Interaction	p. 220
Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Solids	p. 221
Chapter Overview	p. 221
Localized versus Itinerant Magnetism: The Role of the Centrifugal Potential	p. 223
The Relative Size of Interactions in Solids	p. 230
The Band Model of Ferromagnetism	p. 234
The Puzzle of the Broken Bohr Magneton Numbers	p. 234
The Stoner Model	p. 235
Origin of Band Structure	p. 240
Density Functional Theory	p. 243
Ligand Field Theory	p. 245
Independent-Electron Ligand Field Theory	p. 247
Multiplet Ligand Field Theory	p. 256
The Importance of Electron Correlation and Excited States	p. 261
Why are Oxides often Insulators?	p. 262
Correlation Effects in Rare Earths and Transition Metal Oxides	p. 264
From Delocalized to Localized Behavior: Hubbard and LDA+U Models	p. 271
Magnetism in Transition Metal Oxides	p. 274
Superexchange	p. 274
Double Exchange	p. 279
Colossal Magnetoresistance	p. 282
Magnetism of Magnetite	p. 283
RKKY Exchange	p. 290
Point-like Spins in a Conduction Electron Sea	p. 291
Metallic Multilayers	p. 292
Spin-Orbit Interaction: Origin of the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy	p. 294
The Bruno Model	p. 295
Description of Anisotropic Bonding	p. 297
Bonding, Orbital Moment, and Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy	p. 299
Polarized Electron and X-Ray Techniques
Polarized Electrons and Magnetism	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Generation of Spin-Polarized Electron Beams	p. 314
Separation of the Two Spin States	p. 314
The GaAs Spin-Polarized Electron Source	p. 315
Spin-Polarized Electrons and Magnetic Materials: Overview of Experiments	p. 318
Formal Description of Spin-Polarized Electrons	p. 319
Quantum Behavior of the Spin	p. 319
Single Electron Polarization in the Pauli Spinor Formalism	p. 320
Description of a Spin-Polarized Electron Beam	p. 324
Description of Spin Analyzers and Filters	p. 327
Incident Beam Polarization: Spin Analyzer	p. 327
Transmitted Beam Polarization: Spin Filter	p. 328
Determination of Analyzer Parameters	p. 329
Interactions of Polarized Electrons with Materials	p. 329
Beam Transmission through a Spin Filter	p. 329
The Fundamental Interactions of a Spin-Polarized Beam with Matter	p. 331
Interaction of Polarized Electrons with Magnetic Materials: Poincare's Sphere	p. 337
Link Between Electron Polarization and Photon Polarization	p. 342
Photon Polarization in the Vector Field Representation	p. 343
Photon Polarization in the Spinor Representation	p. 344
Transmission of Polarized Photons through Magnetic Materials: Poincare Formalism	p. 345
X-ray Faraday Effect and Poincare Formalism	p. 348
Poincare and Stokes Formalism	p. 350
Interactions of Polarized Photons with Matter	p. 351
Overview	p. 351
Terminology of Polarization Dependent Effects	p. 352
SemiClassical Treatment of X-ray Scattering by Charges and Spins	p. 355
Scattering by a Single Electron	p. 355
Scattering by an Atom	p. 360
SemiClassical Treatment of Resonant Interactions	p. 361
X-ray Absorption	p. 361
Resonant Scattering	p. 364
Correspondence between Resonant Scattering and Absorption	p. 368
The Kramers-Kronig Relations	p. 368
Quantum-Theoretical Concepts	p. 370
One-Electron and Configuration Pictures of X-ray Absorption	p. 370
Fermi's Golden Rule and Kramers-Heisenberg Relation	p. 372
Resonant Processes in the Electric Dipole Approximation	p. 374
The Polarization Dependent Dipole Operator	p. 376
The Atomic Transition Matrix Element	p. 378
Transition Matrix Element for Atoms in Solids	p. 381
The Orientation-Averaged Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Sum Rules	p. 385
The Orientation-Averaged Resonance Intensity	p. 385
Derivation of the Intensity Sum Rule for the Charge	p. 386
Origin of the XMCD Effect	p. 389
Two-Step Model for the XMCD Intensity	p. 393
The Orientation Averaged Sum Rules	p. 397
The Orientation-Dependent Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Anisotropies	p. 401
Concepts of Linear Dichroism	p. 401
X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism	p. 401
Theory of X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism	p. 403
XNLD and Quadrupole Moment of the Charge	p. 406
X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism	p. 407
Simple Theory of X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism	p. 408
XMLD of the First and Second Kind	p. 411
Enhanced XMLD through Multiplet Effects	p. 415
The Orientation-Dependent Sum Rules	p. 421
Magnetic Dichroism in X-ray Absorption and Scattering	p. 424
The Resonant Magnetic Scattering Intensity	p. 425
Link of Magnetic Resonant Scattering and Absorption	p. 427
X-rays and Magnetism: Spectroscopy and Microscopy	p. 431
Introduction	p. 431
Overview of Different Types of X-ray Dichroism	p. 432
Experimental Concepts of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy	p. 437
General Concepts	p. 437
Experimental Arrangements	p. 441
Quantitative Analysis of Experimental Absorption Spectra	p. 445
Some Important Experimental Absorption Spectra	p. 449
XMCD Spectra of Magnetic Atoms: From Thin Films to Isolated Atoms	p. 451
Sum Rule Analysis of XMCD Spectra: Enhanced Orbital Moments in Small Clusters	p. 454
Measurement of Small Spin and Orbital Moments: Pauli Paramagnetism	p. 457
Magnetic Imaging with X-rays	p. 458
X-ray Microscopy Methods	p. 459
Lensless Imaging by Coherent Scattering	p. 463
Overview of Magnetic Imaging Results	p. 468
Properties of and Phenomena in the Ferromagnetic Metals
The Spontaneous Magnetization, Anisotropy, Domains	p. 479
The Spontaneous Magnetization	p. 480
Temperature Dependence of the Magnetization in the Molecular Field Approximation	p. 481
Curie Temperature in the Weiss-Heisenberg Model	p. 484
Curie Temperature in the Stoner Model	p. 488
The Meaning of "Exchange" in the Weiss-Heisenberg and Stoner Models	p. 491
Thermal Excitations: Spin Waves	p. 494
Critical Fluctuations	p. 499
The Magnetic Anisotropy	p. 504
The Shape Anisotropy	p. 507
The Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy	p. 508
The Discovery of the Surface Induced Magnetic Anisotropy	p. 510
The Magnetic Microstructure: Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls	p. 511
Ferromagnetic Domains	p. 511
Antiferromagnetic Domains	p. 515
Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis Loops	p. 515
Magnetism in Small Particles	p. 517
Neel and Stoner-Wohlfarth Models	p. 517
Thermal Stability	p. 520
Magnetism of Metals	p. 521
Overview	p. 521
Band Theoretical Results for the Transition Metals	p. 523
Basic Results for the Density of States	p. 523
Prediction of Magnetic Properties	p. 525
The Rare Earth Metals: Band Theory versus Atomic Behavior	p. 530
Spectroscopic Tests of the Band Model of Ferromagnetism	p. 534
Spin Resolved Inverse Photoemission	p. 535
Spin Resolved Photoemission	p. 539
Resistivity of Transition Metals	p. 548
Conduction in Nonmagnetic Metals	p. 548
The Two Current Model	p. 553
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Metals	p. 556
Spin Conserving Electron Transitions in Metals	p. 558
Spin Conserving Transitions and the Photoemission Mean Free Path	p. 558
Determination of the Spin-Dependent Mean Free Path using the Magnetic Tunnel Transistor	p. 562
Probability of Spin-Conserving relative to Spin-Non-Conserving Transitions	p. 565
The Complete Spin-Polarized Transmission Experiment	p. 569
Transitions Between Opposite Spin States in Metals	p. 573
Classification of Transitions Between Opposite Spin States	p. 573
The Detection of Transitions between Opposite Spin States	p. 575
Remaining Challenges	p. 582
Topics in Contemporary Magnetism
Surfaces and Interfaces of Ferromagnetic Metals	p. 587
Overview	p. 587
Spin-Polarized Electron Emission from Ferromagnetic Metals	p. 588
Electron Emission into Vacuum	p. 588
Spin-Polarized Electron Tunneling between Solids	p. 593
Spin-Polarized Electron Tunneling Microscopy	p. 598
Reflection of Electrons from a Ferromagnetic Surface	p. 601
Simple Reflection Experiments	p. 603
The Complete Reflection Experiment	p. 608
Static Magnetic Coupling at Interfaces	p. 613
Magnetostatic Coupling	p. 614
Direct Coupling between Magnetic Layers	p. 615
Exchange Bias	p. 617
Induced Magnetism in Paramagnets and Diamagnets	p. 629
Coupling of Two Ferromagnets across a Nonmagnetic Spacer Layer	p. 632
Electron and Spin Transport	p. 637
Currents Across Interfaces Between a Ferromagnet and a Nonmagnet	p. 637
The Spin Accumulation Voltage in a Transparent Metallic Contact	p. 638
The Diffusion Equation for the Spins	p. 642
Spin Equilibration Processes, Distances and Times	p. 644
Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR)	p. 647
Measurement of Spin Diffusion Lengths in Nonmagnets	p. 651
Typical Values for the Spin Accumulation Voltage, Boundary Resistance and GMR Effect	p. 654
The Important Role of Interfaces in GMR	p. 655
Spin-Injection into a Ferromagnet	p. 656
Origin and Properties of Spin Injection Torques	p. 657
Switching of the Magnetization with Spin Currents: Concepts	p. 665
Excitation and Switching of the Magnetization with Spin Currents: Experiments	p. 667
Spin Currents in Metals and Semiconductors	p. 672
Spin-Based Transistors and Amplifiers	p. 675
Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics	p. 679
Introduction	p. 679
Energy and Angular Momentum Exchange between Physical Reservoirs	p. 682
Thermodynamic Considerations	p. 682
Quantum Mechanical Considerations: The Importance of Orbital Angular Momentum	p. 684
Spin Relaxation and the Pauli Susceptibility	p. 687
Probing the Magnetization after Laser Excitation	p. 690
Probing with Spin-Polarized Photoelectron Yield	p. 691
Probing with Energy Resolved Photoelectrons With or Without Spin Analysis	p. 696
Probing with the Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect	p. 702
Dynamics Following Excitation with Magnetic Field Pulses	p. 705
Excitation with Weak Magnetic Field Pulses	p. 712
Excitation of a Magnetic Vortex	p. 715
Switching of the Magnetization	p. 723
Precessional Switching of the In-Plane Magnetization	p. 725
Precessional Switching of the Magnetization for Perpendicular Recording Media	p. 733
Switching by Spin Injection and its Dynamics	p. 744
On the Possibility of All-Optical Switching	p. 751
The Hubner Model of All-Optical Switching	p. 753
All-Optical Manipulation of the Magnetization	p. 757
Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Spins	p. 759
Appendices
Appendices	p. 763
The International System of Units (SI)	p. 763
The Cross Product	p. 765
s, p, and d Orbitals	p. 766
Spherical Tensors	p. 767
Sum Rules for Spherical Tensor Matrix Elements	p. 768
Polarization Dependent Dipole Operators	p. 769
Spin-Orbit Basis Functions for p and d Orbitals	p. 770
Quadrupole Moment and the X-ray Absorption Intensity	p. 771
Lorentzian Line Shape and Integral	p. 774
Gaussian Line Shape and Its Fourier Transform	p. 774
Gaussian Pulses, Half-Cycle Pulses and Transforms	p. 775
References	p. 777
Index	p. 805
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Magnetism

From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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