Key Concepts in VCE Health and Human Development

About eBookPLUS and studyON vi
Acknowledgements vii

Unit 3 Australia’s health 1

Chapter 1 Health of Australians 2
1.1 Understanding health 4
1.2 Measuring health status 9
1.3 Mortality 12
1.4 Morbidity 17
1.5 Burden of disease 23
1.6 The health status of Australians compared to other developed nations 28
KEY SKILLS Health of Australians 35
Chapter 1 review 38

Chapter 2 The determinants of health 42
2.1 The determinants of health — an introduction 44
2.2 Biological determinants: body weight, blood pressure and blood cholesterol 47
2.3 Biological determinants: glucose regulation and birth weight 51
2.4 Biological determinants: genetics 54
2.5 Behavioural determinants: drug use 58
2.6 Behavioural determinants: physical activity and dietary behaviour 63
2.7 Behavioural determinants: sexual behaviour, vaccination behaviour and risk-taking behaviour 66
2.8 Physical environment determinants 70
2.9 Social determinants: socioeconomic status, employment and unemployment 77
2.10 Social determinants: social exclusion and social isolation 83
2.11 Social determinants: stress, food security, early life experiences and access to health care 86
Chapter 2 review 91

Chapter 3 Variations in health within Australia 96
3.1 Variations in health within Australia 98
3.2 Variations in health status: males and females 107
3.3 Variations in health status: socioeconomic status groups 114
3.4 Variations in health status: rural and remote populations 121
Key SKILLS Variations in health within Australia 127
Chapter 3 review 132

Chapter 4 The National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs) 134
4.1 National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs) 136
4.2 Obesity 141
4.3 Cardiovascular health 149
4.4 Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions 157
4.5 Injury prevention and control 165
4.6 Mental health 171
4.7 Cancer control 178
4.8 Diabetes mellitus 186
4.9 Asthma 193
4.10 Dementia 199
KEY SKILLS The National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs) 206
Chapter 4 review 208

Chapter 5 Nutrition and the NHPAs 212
5.1 The nutrients and the NHPAs: carbohydrates (including fibre) and protein 214
5.2 The nutrients and the NHPAs: fats and water 218
5.3 The nutrients and the NHPAs: calcium, phosphorus, sodium and vitamin D 222
5.4 The role of nutrients in addressing the NHPAs 225
KEY SKILLS Nutrition and the NHPAs 227
Chapter 5 review 229

Chapter 6 Health care in Australia 232
6.1 Approaches to health care 234
6.2 The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 239
6.3 The role of VicHealth 247
6.4 The federal government’s responsibility for health 251
6.5 State and local governments’ responsibility for health 258
6.6 Private health insurance and health system funding 261
6.7 The values that underpin the Australian health system 266
KEY SKILLS Health care in Australia 270
Chapter 6 review 276

Chapter 7 Promoting healthy eating in Australia 278
7.1 The role of governments in promoting healthy eating 280
7.2 Dietary Guidelines and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating 285
7.3 The role of non-government agencies in providing dietary advice 295
KEY SKILLS Promoting healthy eating in Australia 300
Chapter 7 review 302

Unit 4 Global health and human development 303

Chapter 8 Global health and human development 304
8.1 Characteristics of developed and developing countries 306
8.2 Classifying countries 311
8.3 Key health indicators in developing countries and Australia 320
8.4 The influence of income and gender equality on health status and human development globally 327
8.5 The influence of peace, political stability and access to health care on health status and human development globally 332
8.6 The influence of education and the physical environment on health status and human development globally 338
8.7 The influence of global marketing on health status and human development globally 344
KEY SKILLS Global health and human development 348
Chapter 8 review 353

Chapter 9 Sustainable Development Goals ONLINE ONLY 360

Chapter 10 Australian and international aid agencies 362
10.1 The interrelationships between health, human development and sustainability 364
10.2 What is aid? 369
10.3 The Australian government’s aid priorities 372
10.4 The United Nations 382
10.5 World Health Organization (WHO) 392
10.6 Australian NGOs that promote global health and sustainable human development: World Vision 401
10.7 Australian NGOs that promote global health and sustainable human development: Australian Red Cross 404
10.8 Australian NGOs that promote global health and sustainable human development: Oxfam Australia 407
KEY SKILLS Australian and international aid agencies 410
Chapter 10 review 419

Chapter 11 Addressing global health issues 424
11.1 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: literacy 426
11.2 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: food security 431
11.3 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: HIV/AIDS 436
11.4 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: malaria 442
11.5 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: immunisation 448
11.6 Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: water and sanitation 453
KEY SKILLS Addressing global health issues 458
Chapter 11 review 466

Index 470