Preface vii
About the authors viii
About this title x
Access all of your online resources xii
Acknowledgements xv
Science Inquiry
1 Investigating science 1
1.1 Overview 2
1.2 Investigating skills 5
1.3 SkillBuilder — Using a Bunsen burner Online only
1.4 Planning your own investigation 11
1.5 SkillBuilder — Writing an aim and forming a hypothesis Online only
1.6 Record keeping and research 16
1.7 Controlling variables 20
1.8 SkillBuilder — Controlled, dependent and independent variables Online only
1.9 Scientific reports 24
1.10 Presenting your data 27
1.11 SkillBuilder — Constructing a pie chart Online only
1.12 SkillBuilder — Creating a simple column or bar graph Online only
1.13 SkillBuilder — Drawing a line graph Online only
1.14 Using data loggers 38
1.15 Famous scientists 41
1.16 Project — An inspiration for the future 45
1.17 Review 46
2 Language of learning Online only
2.1 Overview
2.2 Problem solving with thinking hats
2.3 The language of understanding
2.4 At first glance
2.5 Coded communication
2.6 Telling tales
2.7 Cartoon quest
2.8 Unlocking meaning
2.9 Total recall?
2.10 Thinking tools — Venn diagrams
2.11 Review
Biological Sciences
3 Cells — the basic units of life 57
3.1 Overview 58
3.2 A whole new world 60
3.3 Focusing on a small world 66
3.4 Form and function — Cell make-up 73
3.5 Zooming in on life 81
3.6 Focus on animal cells 87
3.7 Focus on plant cells 91
3.8 Plant cells — holding, carrying and guarding 95
3.9 Cell division 104
3.10 Skin ‘n’ stuff 112
3.11 Tiny size, big trouble 120
3.12 Thinking tools — Target maps and single bubble maps 126
3.13 Review 128
4 Systems — living connections 139
4.1 Overview 140
4.2 Driven by curiosity? 142
4.3 Working together? 149
4.4 Digestive system — break it down 160
4.5 Digestive endeavours 172
4.6 Circulatory system — blood highways 179
4.7 Transport technology 191
4.8 Respiratory system — breathe in, breathe out 199
4.9 Short of breath? 210
4.10 The excretory system 217
4.11 Musculoskeletal system — keeping in shape 224
4.12 Same job, different path 233
4.13 Thinking tools — Flowcharts and cycle maps 243
4.14 Review 244
5 Reproduction 263
5.1 Overview 264
5.2 Asexual reproduction 266
5.3 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 275
5.4 Comparing reproductive strategies in animals 284
5.5 Human reproduction 294
5.6 Reproductive technologies and contraception 313
5.7 Issues in reproduction 328
5.8 Stem cells 333
5.9 Thinking tools — Storyboards 339
5.10 Review 340
Chemical Sciences
6 States of matter 353
6.1 Overview 354
6.2 States of matter 356
6.3 Changing states 362
6.4 The state of the weather 366
6.5 The particle model 369
6.6 Energy matters 373
6.7 Thinking tools — Concept maps and mind maps 382
6.8 Review 384
7 Elements, compounds and mixtures 391
7.1 Overview 392
7.2 It’s elementary 395
7.3 Elements — The inside story 399
7.4 Compounding the situation 405
7.5 Types of elements 411
7.6 Putting elements in order 415
7.7 Making molecules 418
7.8 Carbon — It’s everywhere 423
7.9 Thinking tools — Affinity diagrams 428
7.10 Project — Science TV 431
7.11 Review 432
8 Chemical change 441
8.1 Overview 442
8.2 Physical and chemical properties 445
8.3 Chemical and physical changes 449
8.4 Chemical reactions 453
8.5 Reaction rates 460
8.6 Corrosion 465
8.7 Combustion 471
8.8 Plastics and fibres 475
8.9 Recycling 481
8.10 Thinking tools — Target maps 487
8.11 Review 489
Earth and Space Sciences
9 Sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks 499
9.1 Overview 500
9.2 Rocks and minerals 502
9.3 Mining for metals 507
9.4 Igneous — the ‘hot’ rocks 511
9.5 Sedimentary — the ‘deposited’ rocks 519
9.6 Metamorphic — the ‘changed’ rocks 528
9.7 Rock technology 534
9.8 Geologic history 537
9.9 Questioning and predicting the extinction of dinosaurs 545
9.10 Thinking tools — Fishbone diagram and tree maps 550
9.11 Review 552
Physical Sciences
10 Energy 563
10.1 Overview 564
10.2 Different forms of energy 566
10.3 Transforming energy 572
10.4 Transferring energy 580
10.5 A costly escape 586
10.6 Light 590
10.7 Light forms images 597
10.8 Seeing light 605
10.9 Sound energy 612
10.10 Thinking tools — Matrixes and Venn diagrams 622
10.11 Project — Going green 624
10.12 Review 625
Glossary 634
Periodic table 650
Index 652
