About eBookPLUS vii
Acknowledgements viii
1 Projectile motion 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Falling under gravity 2
1.3 Projectile motion 7
1.4 Projection at an angle 14
1.5 Review 21
2 Circular motion 27
2.1 Overview 27
2.2 Uniform circular motion 28
2.3 Providing centripetal force 34
2.4 Non-uniform circular motion 42
2.5 Rotational kinematics and dynamics 45
2.6 Review 52
3 Motion and gravitational fields 59
3.1 Overview 59
3.2 Explaining the solar system 60
3.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 64
3.4 Objects in orbit 69
3.5 Gravitational fields 74
3.6 Energy in a gravitational field 78
3.7 Review 83
4 Electric and magnetic fields 91
4.1 Overview 91
4.2 Charged particles in uniform electric fields 92
4.3 Charged particles in uniform magnetic fields 97
4.4 Review 101
5 The motor effect 107
5.1 Overview 107
5.2 Magnetic fields 108
5.3 The motor effect 113
5.4 The interaction between two parallel current-carrying wires 115
5.5 SI definition for electrical current; the ampere and Newton’s Third Law of Motion 117
5.6 Review 117
6 Electromagnetic induction 125
6.1 Overview 125
6.2 Electromagnetic induction 126
6.3 Inducing a current 129
6.4 Generating a potential difference 131
6.5 Lenz’s law 133
6.6 Eddy currents 134
6.7 Transformers 136
6.8 Energy distribution 141
6.9 Review 145
7 Applications of the motor effect 157
7.1 Overview 157
7.2 Simple DC electric motors 157
7.3 Torque 164
7.4 Lenz’s Law and the production of back emf in motors 166
7.5 Generators 168
7.6 Electric power generating stations 173
7.7 AC induction motors 174
7.8 Review 179
8 Exploring the electromagnetic spectrum 189
8.1 Overview 189
8.2 James Clerk Maxwell 190
8.3 The production and propagation of electromagnetic waves 195
8.4 Measurement and the speed of light 197
8.5 Exploring with the electromagnetic spectrum 201
8.6 Signatures of the elements 205
8.7 Stellar spectra 207
8.8 Review 209
9 The wave model of light 213
9.1 Overview 213
9.2 Competing theories of light 214
9.3 Diffraction and interference 214
9.4 Comparing the experimental evidence for the two models of light 221
9.5 Polarisation 222
9.6 Review 225
10 The quantum model of light 233
10.1 Overview 233
10.2 Light as a type of wave 234
10.3 The photoelectric effect 241
10.4 Review 253
11 Light and special relativity 259
11.1 Overview 259
11.2 What is relativity? 260
11.3 Electromagnetism brings new challenges 267
11.4 Understanding the speed of light as an absolute constant 272
11.5 The evidence for Einstein’s two postulates 274
11.6 Length contraction 279
11.7 Relativistic momentum 286
11.8 The most famous equation: E = mc2 287
11.9 Relativity and momentum 290
11.10 Review 292
12 Elemental origins 297
12.1 Overview 297
12.2 The earliest atoms 298
12.3 The expanding universe 303
12.4 The power of stars 312
12.5 Analysing light from stars 316
12.6 Classifying stars by their light 319
12.7 Hertzsprung–Russell Diagrams 322
12.8 Where the atoms are made 327
12.9 Review 333
13 The structure of the atom 341
13.1 Overview 341
13.2 Cathode rays and the electron 341
13.3 The development of the classical model of the atom 353
13.4 The neutron 357
13.5 Review 360
14 The atom and quantum mechanics 365
14.1 Overview 365
14.2 Limitations of the Rutherford atomic model 366
14.3 Matter waves 377
14.4 Review 388
15 Properties of the nucleus 395
15.1 Overview 395
15.2 Radioactivity 396
15.3 The model of half-life in radioactive decay 399
15.4 Nuclear stability 402
15.5 Mass defect and binding energy of the nucleus 404
15.6 Spontaneous transmutations 408
15.7 Artificial nuclear transmutations 412
15.8 Review 418
16 Deep inside the atom 425
16.1 Overview 425
16.2 The discovery of subatomic particles 426
16.3 The tools of particle physicists 430
16.4 The quark model 435
16.5 The Standard Model 438
16.6 Review 440
Glossary 445
Appendix 1 449
Appendix 2 452
Answers 453
Index 466
