| Preface | p. x |
| Principles of Toxicology | p. 01 |
| Branches of Toxicology | p. 04 |
| Dose-Response | p. 05 |
| Potency | p. 08 |
| Hormesis | p. 09 |
| Margin of Safety | p. 10 |
| Biologic Factors that Influence Toxicity | p. 12 |
| Absorption | p. 13 |
| Types of Membrane Transport | p. 16 |
| Toxin Absorption in the Alimentary Tract | p. 18 |
| Intestinal Microflora | p. 19 |
| The Blood-Brain Barrier | p. 20 |
| Xenobiotic Absorption into Lymph | p. 21 |
| Translocation | p. 22 |
| Distribution | p. 23 |
| Storage | p. 25 |
| Organ Storage | p. 25 |
| Lipid Storage | p. 26 |
| Bone Storage | p. 26 |
| Excretion | p. 27 |
| Kidney | p. 27 |
| Effects of Maturation on Kidney Excretion | p. 29 |
| Fecal Excretion of Xenobiotics | p. 29 |
| Determination of Toxicants in Foods | p. 33 |
| Sampling | p. 35 |
| Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Toxicants in Foods | p. 35 |
| Sample Preparation for Analyses of Toxicants | p. 36 |
| Isolation and Identification by Chromatography | p. 40 |
| Biological Determination of Toxicants | p. 41 |
| Acute Toxicity | p. 41 |
| Genetic Toxicity | p. 42 |
| Bioassay | p. 43 |
| Metabolism | p. 47 |
| Subchronic Toxicity | p. 47 |
| Teratogenesis | p. 48 |
| Chronic Toxicity | p. 50 |
| Biotransformation | p. 53 |
| Phase I Reactions | p. 54 |
| Phase II Reactions | p. 57 |
| Phase I Enzymes | p. 61 |
| Cytochrome P450 | p. 61 |
| CYP3A4 | p. 64 |
| CYP1B1 | p. 66 |
| CYP2E1 | p. 68 |
| Peroxidases | p. 70 |
| Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase (FMO) | p. 73 |
| Epoxide Hydrolase (EH) | p. 74 |
| Esterases | p. 76 |
| Carboxylesterases (CES) | p. 76 |
| Paraoxonase | p. 77 |
| Phase II Xenobiotic Metabolism | p. 78 |
| Glucuronide Conjugation | p. 79 |
| Sulfate Conjugation | p. 80 |
| Glutathione Conjugation | p. 81 |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis | p. 85 |
| Definitions | p. 85 |
| Phases of Carcinogenesis | p. 86 |
| Initiation | p. 86 |
| Promotion | p. 88 |
| Progression | p. 88 |
| Angiogenesis | p. 89 |
| Cancer Epidemiology | p. 92 |
| Dietary Guidelines for Cancer Prevention | p. 95 |
| Natural Toxins in Animal Foodstuffs | p. 99 |
| Natural Toxins in Land Animal Foodstuffs | p. 99 |
| Bile Acids | p. 100 |
| Vitamin A | p. 100 |
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and Prions | p. 102 |
| Discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) | p. 102 |
| Discovery of Toxic Principle Prion | p. 103 |
| Mode of Action of Prion | p. 104 |
| Natural Toxins in Marine Foodstuffs | p. 104 |
| Tetrodotoxin-Puffer Fish Poison | p. 105 |
| Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) | p. 108 |
| Ciguatera | p. 111 |
| Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) | p. 113 |
| Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) | p. 115 |
| Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels | p. 117 |
| Scombroid Fish Poisoning | p. 118 |
| Toxic Phytochemicals | p. 123 |
| Phytotoxins | p. 124 |
| Goitrogens | p. 124 |
| Environmental Antithyroid Substances | p. 127 |
| Favism | p. 129 |
| Neurolathyrism | p. 133 |
| Cyanogenic Glycosides | p. 134 |
| Lectins | p. 138 |
| Vasoactive Amines | p. 141 |
| Caffeine | p. 143 |
| Curare | p. 146 |
| Strychnine | p. 147 |
| Atropine | p. 149 |
| Phytoalexins | p. 152 |
| Herb-Drug Interactions | p. 154 |
| Toxins from Fungi | p. 159 |
| Mycotoxins | p. 159 |
| Ergotism | p. 160 |
| Alimentary Toxic Aleukia | p. 163 |
| Fumonisins | p. 165 |
| Aflatoxin | p. 167 |
| Mushrooms | p. 176 |
| Amanita phalloides | p. 176 |
| Amanita muscaria | p. 178 |
| Psilocybe | p. 180 |
| Food Contaminants from Industrial Wastes | p. 181 |
| Chlorinated Hydrocarbons | p. 181 |
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | p. 181 |
| Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) | p. 187 |
| Heavy Metals | p. 192 |
| Arsenic | p. 193 |
| Lead | p. 196 |
| Mercury | p. 202 |
| Cadmium | p. 206 |
| Pesticide Residues in Foods | p. 211 |
| What is a Pesticide? | p. 211 |
| History | p. 212 |
| Pesticides in the Food Chain | p. 214 |
| Regulations | p. 216 |
| Insecticides | p. 218 |
| DDT | p. 218 |
| Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides | p. 220 |
| Organophosphate Insecticides | p. 222 |
| Carbamate Insecticides | p. 225 |
| Herbicides | p. 226 |
| Chlorophenoxy Acid Esters | p. 226 |
| Naturally Occurring Pesticides | p. 227 |
| Food Additives | p. 229 |
| Regulations | p. 232 |
| Preservatives | p. 237 |
| Benzoic Acid | p. 238 |
| Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate | p. 240 |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | p. 241 |
| AF-2 [2-(-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] | p. 241 |
| Antioxidants | p. 242 |
| L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) | p. 243 |
| dl--Tocopherol (Vitamin E) | p. 243 |
| Propyl Gallate | p. 244 |
| Butylated Hydroxyanisol and Butylated Hydroxytoluene | p. 244 |
| Sweeteners | p. 245 |
| Saccharin and Sodium Saccharin | p. 245 |
| Sodium Cyclamate | p. 246 |
| Coloring Agents | p. 247 |
| Amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2) | p. 248 |
| Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 4) | p. 249 |
| Flavoring Agents | p. 250 |
| Methyl Anthranilate | p. 250 |
| Safrole (1-Allyl-3,4-Methylenedioxybenzene) | p. 251 |
| Diacetyl (2,3-butane dione) | p. 251 |
| Flavor Enhancers | p. 252 |
| Toxicants Formed During Food Processing | p. 253 |
| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | p. 255 |
| Occurrence | p. 256 |
| Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) | p. 257 |
| Maillard Reaction Products | p. 260 |
| Polycyclic Aromatic Amines (PAA) | p. 261 |
| Occurrence | p. 261 |
| Toxicity | p. 262 |
| N-Nitrosamines | p. 265 |
| Precursors | p. 265 |
| Occurrence in Various Foods | p. 266 |
| Toxicity | p. 267 |
| Mode of Toxic Action | p. 267 |
| General Considerations | p. 268 |
| Acrylamide | p. 269 |
| Formation Mechanisms of Acrylamide in Foods | p. 270 |
| Toxicity | p. 272 |
| Mode of Action | p. 272 |
| General Considerations | p. 273 |
| Food Irradiation | p. 273 |
| Food Factors and Health | p. 277 |
| Probiotcs, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics | p. 278 |
| Probiotics | p. 278 |
| Prebiotics | p. 278 |
| Synbiotics | p. 280 |
| Antioxidants | p. 281 |
| The Role of Oxygen in Living Organisms | p. 281 |
| In vivo Balance between Oxidants and Antioxidants | p. 282 |
| Lipid Peroxidation | p. 283 |
| Toxicity of RCCs | p. 285 |
| Functional Components Found in Food for Disease Prevention | p. 286 |
| Index | p. 293 |
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