| Preface | p. xi |
| Microwave Sensors | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 3 |
| Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 4 |
| Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation | p. 4 |
| Plane Waves and Complex Number Notation | p. 6 |
| Propagation of Microwaves | p. 9 |
| Guiding of Microwaves and Boundary Conditions for Conducting Surfaces | p. 10 |
| Radiation and Antennas | p. 16 |
| Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter | p. 20 |
| Propagation Factor in Dielectric Medium | p. 20 |
| Refraction and Reflection | p. 23 |
| Microwave Sensors | p. 28 |
| How Microwave Sensors Work | p. 28 |
| The Measurement System | p. 35 |
| How to Choose the Type of Sensor | p. 36 |
| Interference (RFI or EMI) and Safety | p. 36 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave Sensors | p. 38 |
| Dielectric Properties of Materials | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Polarization Phenomena in Matter | p. 41 |
| Relative Permittivity [epsiv][subscript r] and Boundary Conditions | p. 41 |
| Polarization in Dense Materials | p. 47 |
| Typical Frequency Dependence of [epsiv][subscript r] in Solids and Liquids | p. 48 |
| Electronic Polarization | p. 49 |
| Atomic Polarization | p. 51 |
| Orientation Polarization in Gases | p. 52 |
| Orientation Polarization in Liquids and Solids, the Debye Relation | p. 55 |
| Ion Conductivity and the Maxwell-Wagner Effect | p. 58 |
| Water | p. 62 |
| The Water Molecule | p. 62 |
| Liquid Water | p. 63 |
| Water Vapor | p. 66 |
| Bound Water | p. 66 |
| Ice | p. 68 |
| Mixing Formulas and Structure Dependence of Permittivity | p. 69 |
| General | p. 69 |
| Structure-Independent Formulas | p. 70 |
| Structure-Dependent Formulas | p. 70 |
| Multiparameter Measurement | p. 79 |
| The Measurement Situation | p. 79 |
| The Number of Measurements | p. 80 |
| Auxiliary Measurements | p. 81 |
| Microwave-Multiparameter Measurement | p. 82 |
| Short Cuts | p. 86 |
| Examples and References | p. 87 |
| Humid Air | p. 87 |
| Moist Wood | p. 90 |
| Short Summary and References | p. 92 |
| Permittivity Measurements in the Laboratory | p. 93 |
| Introduction | p. 93 |
| Permittivity Measurement Techniques | p. 94 |
| Measurement of Different Materials | p. 108 |
| Examples | p. 111 |
| Resonator Sensors | p. 127 |
| Introduction | p. 127 |
| The Resonance Phenomenon | p. 127 |
| Microwave Resonators | p. 130 |
| Theory | p. 133 |
| Resonator Filled with Dielectric | p. 133 |
| Partially Filled Resonator, Perturbation Formulas | p. 141 |
| Resonator Structures | p. 145 |
| Coupling Devices | p. 145 |
| Hollow Cavity Resonator | p. 150 |
| Coaxial and Helical Resonators | p. 154 |
| Strip Resonators | p. 155 |
| Two-Conductor Line Resonator | p. 160 |
| Slotline Resonator | p. 161 |
| Open Quasioptical Resonator | p. 162 |
| Dielectric, Ferromagnetic, and Other Resonators | p. 163 |
| Measurement of Resonant Frequency and Quality Factor | p. 164 |
| Introduction | p. 164 |
| The Basic Measurements | p. 164 |
| Different Resonance Measurement Techniques | p. 170 |
| Practical Aspects | p. 184 |
| Examples of Reported Applications of Resonators | p. 186 |
| Hollow Cavities | p. 186 |
| Coaxial and Helical Resonators | p. 191 |
| Strip Resonators | p. 193 |
| Two-Conductor Line and Slotline Resonators | p. 194 |
| Open Quasioptical Resonators | p. 196 |
| Dielectric and Ferromagnetic Resonators | p. 196 |
| Transmission Sensors | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Free-Space Transmission Sensors | p. 202 |
| Sensor Structures | p. 202 |
| Theory | p. 202 |
| Practical Considerations | p. 211 |
| Guided Wave Transmission Sensors | p. 213 |
| Introduction | p. 213 |
| Sensor Structures | p. 213 |
| Measurement Equipment for Transmission Sensors | p. 214 |
| Introduction | p. 214 |
| Measurement Techniques | p. 216 |
| Practical Aspects | p. 221 |
| Applications of Transmission Sensors | p. 222 |
| Free-Space Systems | p. 222 |
| Guided Wave Systems | p. 225 |
| Special and Hybrid Sensors | p. 231 |
| Introduction | p. 231 |
| Selected Examples | p. 231 |
| Measurement of Thickness and Permittivity of a Dielectric Layer on a Conducting Plane Using Surface Waves | p. 231 |
| Detection of Knots in Sawed Timber | p. 234 |
| Strength Grading of Timber by Combining Several Measurement Methods | p. 234 |
| Detection of Fatigue Cracks Based on Third-Order Nonlinearities | p. 238 |
| Gas Analysis by Microwave Spectrometry | p. 238 |
| Automatic Moisture Meter Based on Microwave Drying | p. 239 |
| Laboratory Meter for Fast and Simultaneous Determination of Permittivity and Density | p. 241 |
| Reflection and Radar Sensors | p. 245 |
| Introduction | p. 245 |
| Reflection Sensors | p. 245 |
| Open-Ended Transmission Line Sensors | p. 245 |
| Shielded and Other Transmission Line Sensors | p. 252 |
| Free-Space Sensors | p. 252 |
| Radar Sensors | p. 255 |
| Introduction | p. 255 |
| Basic Principles of Operation | p. 255 |
| Applications of Radar Sensors | p. 259 |
| Radiometer Sensors | p. 267 |
| Introduction | p. 267 |
| Basics of Radiometry | p. 267 |
| Black-Body Radiation | p. 267 |
| Brightness Temperature | p. 269 |
| Antenna Temperature | p. 270 |
| Radiometer | p. 272 |
| Receiver Noise Temperature and Sensitivity | p. 274 |
| Subsurface Radiometry and Thermography | p. 276 |
| Equation of Radiation Transfer | p. 276 |
| Visibility | p. 276 |
| Contacting Antennas | p. 279 |
| Correlation Radiometer | p. 279 |
| Aperture Synthesis Thermography | p. 283 |
| Multifrequency Radiometry | p. 285 |
| Applications of Radiometer Sensors | p. 286 |
| Medicine | p. 286 |
| Industrial Applications | p. 287 |
| Remote Sensing | p. 287 |
| Active Imaging | p. 291 |
| Introduction | p. 291 |
| Holography | p. 291 |
| True Holography | p. 291 |
| Quasiholography | p. 294 |
| Two-Dimensional Imaging of a Half-Space | p. 300 |
| Imaging of a Rotating Sample | p. 302 |
| Applications of Microwave Holographic Imaging | p. 303 |
| Tomography | p. 304 |
| Introduction | p. 304 |
| General Principles | p. 304 |
| Medical Applications of Diffraction Tomography | p. 305 |
| Appendices | p. 309 |
| Transmission Lines | p. 309 |
| Basic Equations | p. 309 |
| TEM Lines | p. 310 |
| Waveguides | p. 311 |
| Resonant Cavities | p. 313 |
| Rectangular Cavities | p. 313 |
| Circular Cavities | p. 314 |
| Bessel Functions | p. 316 |
| Vector Relations | p. 318 |
| Basic Relations | p. 318 |
| Differential del Operator | p. 319 |
| Vector Identities | p. 320 |
| Signal Flow Graphs | p. 321 |
| Basic Elements | p. 321 |
| Reduction of Flow Graphs | p. 321 |
| Example: Measurement of Reflection Response of a Resonator | p. 322 |
| List of Symbols | p. 327 |
| Index | p. 339 |
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