| Preface | p. xi |
| Key to abbreviations and translators | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Immanuel Kant's life | p. 1 |
| Kant's audiences | p. 3 |
| Kant's respect for ordinary moral thinking | p. 4 |
| Kant's debt to Pietism | p. 6 |
| Kant and the Enlightenment | p. 7 |
| The context for Kant's moral philosophy | p. 11 |
| Kant's response to skepticism | p. 12 |
| A priori and a posteriori knowledge claims | p. 14 |
| Can there be synthetic a priori judgments? | p. 15 |
| Ideas of reason | p. 17 |
| Questions of methodology | p. 19 |
| The nature of morality | |
| The nature of human action | p. 23 |
| The exercise of causal power | p. 24 |
| Always goal directed | p. 24 |
| The presence of desires | p. 26 |
| Practical rules | p. 28 |
| The task ahead | p. 29 |
| Prudence: taking care of our own interests | p. 31 |
| Desires, inclinations, and self-interest | p. 31 |
| Prudential reasoning | p. 32 |
| Technical imperatives | p. 34 |
| Prudential imperatives | p. 35 |
| The amorality of prudence | p. 37 |
| Past errors | p. 39 |
| What can be learned | p. 41 |
| Morality: living autonomously | p. 44 |
| Freedom | p. 44 |
| Autonomy | p. 46 |
| Moral rules | p. 47 |
| The Categorical Imperative | p. 49 |
| Obligatory, forbidden, or permissible | p. 50 |
| Narrow and wide duties | p. 51 |
| Moral judgment | p. 54 |
| Erroneous moral judgments | p. 57 |
| The infallibility of conscience | p. 60 |
| Morally obligatory ends | p. 63 |
| Objective ends | p. 64 |
| Right actions | p. 66 |
| A "good will" | p. 68 |
| Kinds of practical goods | p. 68 |
| A system of obligatory ends | p. 70 |
| Conflicts between moral rules | p. 72 |
| The defense of morality | p. 76 |
| How is morality possible? | p. 77 |
| Why this is a problem | p. 79 |
| Kant's first argument: Part I | p. 81 |
| Kant's first argument: Part II | p. 85 |
| Kant's second argument | p. 88 |
| Relating the two viewpoints | p. 90 |
| Metaphysical questions | p. 93 |
| The primacy of morality | p. 95 |
| A brief history | p. 96 |
| The grounds for primacy | p. 97 |
| The limitations of theoretical reasoning | p. 98 |
| Superior cognitive power | p. 102 |
| Superior conative power | p. 103 |
| What primacy means | p. 104 |
| Unity under a common principle | p. 109 |
| Another quest | p. 112 |
| The moral norm for persons | |
| Moral character: Part I | p. 117 |
| Merely pathological desires | p. 118 |
| Conflicts between reason and desire | p. 119 |
| Duty | p. 121 |
| Virtue | p. 122 |
| Mixed motivation | p. 122 |
| The "radical evil" in human nature | p. 124 |
| The nature of moral character | p. 126 |
| Kinds of moral character | p. 129 |
| Moral character: Part II | p. 131 |
| Moral interest | p. 131 |
| Moral sentiments | p. 132 |
| Respect for the moral law | p. 133 |
| The range of moral emotions | p. 135 |
| The spirit of virtue | p. 136 |
| Moral fanaticism | p. 137 |
| Morally indifferent and permissible actions | p. 138 |
| Holiness an obligatory end | p. 139 |
| The postulate of immortality | p. 141 |
| The postulates of God and of grace | p. 142 |
| Metaphysical questions | p. 144 |
| The norm for moral judgment | |
| The Categorical Imperative | p. 149 |
| Ease of use | p. 150 |
| The problem | p. 151 |
| The principle of noncontradiction | p. 151 |
| The derivation | p. 153 |
| Problematic texts | p. 157 |
| Empirical content | p. 159 |
| Problems with maxims | p. 160 |
| The necessary and sufficient norm | p. 163 |
| Not a prudential norm | p. 163 |
| The Formula of Autonomy or of Universal Law: Part I | p. 165 |
| Self-constraint | p. 165 |
| Practical lawfulness | p. 166 |
| Testing the maxim of a lying promise | p. 167 |
| Kant's doctrine concerning lies | p. 170 |
| Kant's infamous reply to Constant | p. 173 |
| Consistency with other maxims | p. 178 |
| The Formula of Autonomy or of Universal Law: Part II | p. 180 |
| The principle of physicoteleology | p. 181 |
| Kant's transformation of the tradition | p. 182 |
| Obligatory natural ends | p. 184 |
| Kant's examples | p. 186 |
| Another example | p. 188 |
| Problems with such ends | p. 190 |
| Culture and morality | p. 191 |
| The Formula of Respect for the Dignity of Persons | p. 193 |
| Persons and things | p. 195 |
| Respect for persons | p. 198 |
| Self-respect | p. 200 |
| Our own happiness | p. 202 |
| Respect for others | p. 203 |
| Problems | p. 209 |
| The Formula of Legislation for a Moral Community | p. 212 |
| A moral community | p. 214 |
| The ethical community: a church | p. 216 |
| The supreme good and the complete good | p. 218 |
| Not a norm of moral judgment | p. 222 |
| The postulates of God and immortality | p. 223 |
| A problem | p. 226 |
| Kant on history, polities, and religion | |
| Autonomy and the state | p. 233 |
| Problems confronting Kant's political theory | p. 234 |
| Kant's philosophy of history | p. 235 |
| The genesis of the state | p. 239 |
| Autonomy and political coercion | p. 241 |
| Crime and punishment | p. 243 |
| No right to revolution | p. 244 |
| Civil justice and republicanism | p. 246 |
| The Principle of Right (Recht) | p. 247 |
| Kinds of laws | p. 248 |
| The Principle of Publicity | p. 249 |
| "Private morality" | p. 250 |
| Morality and politics | p. 251 |
| The ideal state: a republic | p. 252 |
| Principles of a republican government | p. 254 |
| Perpetual peace and a league of nations | p. 256 |
| Kant's moral and political theories | p. 258 |
| The value of the political life | p. 259 |
| Kant's philosophy of religion | p. 261 |
| "The philosopher of Protestantism" | p. 262 |
| The church | p. 265 |
| Original Sin | p. 268 |
| Grace and justification | p. 270 |
| Conclusion | p. 273 |
| Appendixes | |
| Kant's two-viewpoints doctrine | p. 279 |
| "Morally indifferent" freedom | p. 279 |
| Autonomous freedom | p. 281 |
| Heteronomous freedom | p. 284 |
| Kant's philosophy of moral education | p. 287 |
| A Moral catechism | p. 289 |
| Developing moral judgment | p. 291 |
| Practice in moral discipline | p. 292 |
| Notes | p. 295 |
| Bibliography | p. 384 |
| Index of names | p. 397 |
| Index of subjects | p. 401 |
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