| Introduction and Summary | p. 1 |
| Human Capital and Individual Earnings | p. 1 |
| Academic Competencies, Productivity and Earnings | p. 2 |
| Educational Returns, Family Background and Earnings Differentials | p. 3 |
| Competence Building in the Labour Market | p. 6 |
| Workplace Skill Accumulation, Earnings and Labour Mobility | p. 7 |
| Lifelong Learning | p. 8 |
| Human Capital and Economic Performance | p. 9 |
| Schooling, Learning and Worker Productivity | p. 13 |
| The Impact of Academic Competencies on Worker Productivity in Current Jobs | p. 17 |
| The Effect of General Academic Achievement on Wages of Adults | p. 18 |
| Are Regression Estimates of the Economic Payoff of Knowledge and Skill Biased? | p. 19 |
| Which Competencies are Rewarded in the American Labor Market? | p. 23 |
| Is There Reason to Expect Wage Effects of Specific Competencies to be the Same as Their Productivity Effects? | p. 29 |
| The Impact of Academic and Generic Technical Competencies on the Job Performance in the American Military | p. 34 |
| The Impact of Academic and Technical Competence on Job Performance in the Civilian Sector | p. 44 |
| Policy Implications | p. 51 |
| Trends in the Demand for Skill and the Payoff to Academic Competence | p. 52 |
| Trends in Demand for and Supply of University Graduates | p. 52 |
| The Supply and Demand Balance | p. 54 |
| Trends in the Payoff to University Edition | p. 56 |
| Which College Specialties Generate the Largest Economic Payoff? | p. 59 |
| Human Capital and Earnings in the Nordic Countries | p. 68 |
| Empirical Model and Data | p. 70 |
| Empirical Results | p. 72 |
| Returns to Years of Schooling | p. 72 |
| Returns to Educational Degrees | p. 74 |
| Earnings Effects of Experience | p. 75 |
| Earnings Effects of Experience and Seniority | p. 78 |
| Earnings Differentials Between the Private and Public Sectors | p. 84 |
| Earnings Differentials Across Occupational Social Status Categories | p. 85 |
| Stability of Estimates over Time | p. 86 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 87 |
| The Impact of Family Background on the Returns on and Length of Schooling in Sweden | p. 95 |
| The Analytical Approach | p. 95 |
| The Data | p. 98 |
| Regional and Occupational Wage Differences - Evidence from Workers in Norwegian Manufacturing Industries | p. 117 |
| Method | p. 118 |
| Model | p. 118 |
| Log Linear Form | p. 119 |
| Weighted Analysis | p. 119 |
| Data | p. 120 |
| Comparing the Weighted and Unweighted Results | p. 125 |
| Occupational Differences | p. 125 |
| Regional Wage Differences | p. 125 |
| Differences Between Women and Men | p. 127 |
| Wage Differences by Firm Size | p. 128 |
| Wage Differences by Line of Industry | p. 128 |
| Workplace Skill Accumulation and its Impact on Earnings and Labor Mobility: The U.S. Experience | p. 129 |
| Characteristics of Post-School Training in the U.S. | p. 131 |
| The Impact of Training and Education on Wages | p. 135 |
| The Impact of Training and Education on Labor Mobility | p. 139 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 142 |
| Trends in Lifelong Learning in Europe | p. 145 |
| Competence as an Element of Competitiveness | p. 145 |
| Changing Business Environment - New Requirements on Lifelong Learning | p. 146 |
| Fast Developing Technology - Need for Continuous Competence Development | p. 146 |
| Internationalisation of Business: New Demands on Human Resource Development | p. 150 |
| Ageing Population - Need for Training Programmes for All Ages | p. 150 |
| Decentralisation and Increasing Cost-Effectiveness - Training Becomes Better Focused but Only on Short-Term Issues | p. 152 |
| New Values for Young Employees - New Demands on Employers | p. 153 |
| SMEs are Important - Competence Development is Still a Problem | p. 153 |
| Conclusions of Trends in Business Impacting Needs of Lifelong Learning | p. 155 |
| New Approaches to Lifelong Learning are Needed | p. 155 |
| Increasing Need for European-Wide Policies | p. 157 |
| Continuing Education and Schumpeterian Competition: Elements for a Theoretical Framework | p. 160 |
| Introductory Remarks | p. 160 |
| The Debate on Becker's Theorem | p. 161 |
| Innovation and the Sharing of General Training Expenses | p. 164 |
| Continuing Education in a Schumpeterian Framework - Some Preliminary Ideas | p. 166 |
| Hierarchical Production Functions | p. 166 |
| General Human Capital as an Input in the Production of Specific Human Capital in a Schumpeterian World | p. 168 |
| Human Resources as a Determinant of Future Technology and Performance | p. 169 |
| Some Notes on the Consequences for the Competitiveness of the Economies | p. 169 |
| Education, Competence Development and Economic Growth - A Microeconomic Explanation to Macroeconomic Growth | p. 172 |
| Growth Explanation or Accounting? | p. 174 |
| Early Thinking About Education - Pre-quantitative Times | p. 174 |
| Neoclassical Analysis | p. 175 |
| The "New" Growth Theory | p. 177 |
| Micro-Based Growth Analysis | p. 179 |
| The Firm, Employer | p. 180 |
| The Individual | p. 180 |
| The Market | p. 181 |
| Organizational Learning and Competition Drive Economic Growth | p. 182 |
| The Limits to Learning | p. 182 |
| The Content of Economically Valuable Knowledge | p. 183 |
| Technical Change Creates More Competition | p. 185 |
| Competition Creates Technical Change | p. 186 |
| Connecting Organizational Competence Back to Competition and Economic Growth | p. 188 |
| Summing up | p. 191 |
| Uncertainty, Multivalence and Growth | p. 196 |
| The Model Under Certainty | p. 197 |
| Assumptions | p. 198 |
| The Model | p. 199 |
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