| List of Illustrations | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Toward a New Art of Reading and New Historical Interpretations | p. 11 |
| Philosophical Travelers and the Humanist Art of Reading | p. 13 |
| Compilations of Travel Narratives | p. 22 |
| Cornelius de Pauw's New Art of Reading | p. 26 |
| The Critique of Classical Analogies in the Historiography of the New World | p. 38 |
| Conjectural and Philosophical Histories of America | p. 44 |
| Amerindians as Evidence | p. 49 |
| The Pursuit of Objectivity | p. 51 |
| New Similes, Same Historiography | p. 55 |
| Changing European Interpretations of the Reliability of Indigenous Sources | p. 60 |
| Primitive Scripts, Reliable Historical Documents | p. 63 |
| Philology, Collation, and Translation | p. 70 |
| Images as Sources in the Early Modern European World | p. 88 |
| Curiosities, Renaissance Humanists, and Amerindian Scripts | p. 92 |
| Conjectural Histories of Writing | p. 95 |
| Natural Histories of the Mind | p. 111 |
| Amerindian Sources in Eighteenth-Century European Historiography | p. 114 |
| Historiography and Patriotism in Spain | p. 130 |
| The Travails of Lorenzo Boturini | p. 135 |
| Boturini's Idea de una nueva historia general de la America Septentrional | p. 136 |
| Clashing Patriotic Agendas | p. 142 |
| Boturini's Ciclografia | p. 148 |
| Empires Are Lost or Won in the Struggle over Naming and Remembering | p. 155 |
| The Royal Academy of History and the History of the New World, 1755-1770 | p. 160 |
| The First Debate | p. 161 |
| The Council of the Indies and the Academy | p. 163 |
| The Second Debate | p. 166 |
| The Archive of the Indies | p. 170 |
| The Reception of Robertson's History of America | p. 171 |
| Footnoting Robertson's History | p. 174 |
| The Anonymous Review | p. 178 |
| Juan Nuix's Riflessioni imparziali | p. 182 |
| Ramon Diosdado Caballero | p. 186 |
| Juan Bautista Munoz | p. 190 |
| Why Create Archives? | p. 193 |
| Munoz's History | p. 196 |
| Crisis in the Academy | p. 197 |
| Francisco Iturri's Critique | p. 199 |
| Conclusion | p. 201 |
| The Making of a "Patriotic Epistemology" | p. 204 |
| Patriotic Epistemology: An Overview | p. 206 |
| The Making of Patriotic Epistemology: Mexico, 1750-1780 | p. 210 |
| Juan Jose de Eguiaray Eguren | p. 210 |
| Mariano Fernandez de Echeverriay Veytia | p. 213 |
| Three Processes of Distortion | p. 217 |
| Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl | p. 221 |
| Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri | p. 225 |
| Jose Joaquin Granados y Galvez | p. 230 |
| Creole Jesuits in Exile | p. 234 |
| Francisco Xavier Clavijero | p. 235 |
| Juan de Velasco | p. 249 |
| Juan Ignacio Molina | p. 253 |
| Pedro Jose Marquez | p. 254 |
| Jose Lino Fabrega | p. 258 |
| Manco Capac: The Ultimate Sage | p. 261 |
| Whose Enlightenment Was It Anyway? | p. 266 |
| The Stones: Interpreting the Spanish-American Enlightenment | p. 268 |
| Antonio de Leon y Gama's Descripcion historica | p. 271 |
| Jose Antonio de Alzate y Ramirez's Misgivings | p. 281 |
| Alzate y Ramirez on Xochicalco | p. 284 |
| Alzate y Ramirez's Critique of Leon y Gama | p. 286 |
| Leon y Gama's Reply | p. 287 |
| Lizards and Epistemology | p. 291 |
| A General Key to Mesoamerican Hieroglyphs? | p. 292 |
| Why Did Boturini's Collection Never Reach Madrid? | p. 300 |
| Our Lady of Guadalupe as Neoplatonic Seal and Mesoamerican Glyph | p. 305 |
| Jose Ignacio Borunda's Clave general de geroglificos americanos | p. 306 |
| Borunda on the Stones | p. 309 |
| Christian Icons and Nahua Glyphs | p. 312 |
| The Ruins of Palenque | p. 321 |
| The Parish Priest and the Governor | p. 322 |
| Antonio Bernasconi's Expedition to Palenque | p. 325 |
| Antonio del Rio's Expedition to Palenque | p. 328 |
| Interpreting Palenque | p. 330 |
| Interpreting the Provanza de Votan | p. 333 |
| Pablo Felix Cabrera's Theatro critico americano | p. 334 |
| A Biblical Exegesis of the Popol Vuh | p. 338 |
| Conclusion | p. 346 |
| Notes | p. 349 |
| Bibliography | p. 403 |
| Index | p. 439 |
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