Preface xv
About the Book xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Brief History of High-tech Concrete Development 2
1.2.1 Ordinary Concrete 2
1.2.1.1 Basic Concrete 3
1.2.1.2 General Enhanced Concrete 3
1.2.2 High-strength Concrete 4
1.2.3 High-performance Concrete 5
1.2.4 Ultra-high-strength Concrete 5
1.2.4.1 Macro-defect-free Cement 6
1.2.4.2 Densified System Containing Homogenously Arranged Ultrafine Particles 6
1.2.4.3 Compact Reinforced Composite 7
1.2.4.4 Reactive Powder Concrete 8
1.2.5 Ultra-high-performance Concrete 8
1.2.6 High-performance Composite Structural Concrete and Innovative Functional Concrete 9
1.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Concrete Materials 10
1.4 Technical Characteristics and Research Content of High-tech Concrete 11
References 13
2 Cementitious Material for High-tech Concrete 17
2.1 Characteristics of High-tech Concrete 17
2.2 Types of Cementitious Materials for High-tech Concrete 19
2.2.1 Cement 19
2.2.2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 19
2.2.2.1 Fly Ash 19
2.2.2.2 Slag 20
2.2.2.3 Silica Fume 21
2.2.2.4 Steel Slag and Other Supplementary Cementitious Materials 22
2.3 Mechanism and Properties of Cementitious Materials for High-tech Concrete 27
2.3.1 Mechanism and Properties of Single-component Supplementary Cementitious Material 27
2.3.1.1 Fly Ash–cement System 27
2.3.1.2 Slag Powder–cement System 30
2.3.1.3 Silica Fume–cement System 33
2.3.1.4 Steel Slag–cement System 35
2.3.1.5 Other Volcanic Ash Supplement Cementitious Material–cement System 37
2.3.2 Mechanism and Properties of Two-component Supplementary Cementitious Material 37
2.3.2.1 Fly Ash–silica Fume–cement System 38
2.3.2.2 Fly Ash–slag Powder–cement System 40
2.3.2.3 Steel Slag–silica Fume–cement System 42
2.3.2.4 Steel Slag–fly Ash (Slag Powder)–cement System 42
2.3.2.5 Mechanism of Multi-component Supplementary Cementitious Material Systems 47
2.3.3 Mechanism and Performance of Multi-component Auxiliary Cementitious Materials 48
2.3.3.1 Selection Principles for Multi-component Auxiliary Cementitious Materials 48
2.3.3.2 Mechanism of Multi-component Supplementary Cementitious Materials 51
2.4 Prospects for Design and Development of Composite Cementitious Materials 54
References 56
3 Functional Materials for High-tech Concrete 59
3.1 Concrete Admixtures 59
3.1.1 Types of Concrete Admixtures 60
3.1.2 The Functional Principle of Concrete Admixture 61
3.1.3 The Main Types of Expansive Agents and the Mechanism of Action of Concrete 61
3.1.3.1 Ettringite-type Expansion 62
3.1.3.2 Calcium Hydroxide Expansion 64
3.1.3.3 Magnesium Hydroxide Expansion 64
3.1.3.4 Ferric Hydroxide and Ferrous Hydroxide Expansion 65
3.1.3.5 Gaseous Expansion 65
3.1.3.6 Composite Expansion 65
3.1.4 Design and Preparation of High-energy Blended Expansive Agent 66
3.1.4.1 Component Design of Composite Expansion Agent 66
3.1.4.2 Preparation and Effects of Composite Expansion Agent 67
3.2 Polymer Materials 67
3.2.1 Types of Polymers 67
3.2.2 Role of Polymers 68
3.2.2.1 Plasticizing Effect ofWater-soluble Polymer 69
3.2.2.2 Pore-reducing Effect of Polymers 70
3.2.2.3 The Toughening Effect of Polymers on Cement Stone 71
3.3 Fiber Material 74
3.3.1 Types and Characteristics of Fibers 74
3.3.1.1 Types of Fibers 74
3.3.1.2 Surface Treatment of Fibers 75
3.3.2 The Role of Fibers 76
3.3.2.1 Crack-blocking Effect of Fibers 76
3.3.2.2 Reinforcement of Fibers 76
3.3.2.3 Toughening of Fibers 77
3.4 Ultra-fine Powder 77
3.4.1 Commonly Used Ultra-fine Powder 77
3.4.2 The Role of Ultra-fine Powder 78
3.4.2.1 Filling Effect 78
3.4.2.2 Fluidization Effect 79
3.4.2.3 Structural Optimization Effect 80
3.4.2.4 Strength Effect 80
3.4.2.5 Durability Effect 80
3.5 Nano-seeds 81
3.5.1 Nano-seeds and Their Mechanism of Action 81
3.5.2 Preparation of C-S-H Nano-seeding 82
3.5.3 Influence of C-S-H Seeding on the Hydration Process of Cementitious Materials 83
3.6 Internal Curing Functional Materials 85
3.6.1 Overview of Internal Curing 85
3.6.2 Organic Superabsorbent Polymer Materials 86
3.6.2.1 Water Release Model of SAP in Cement Paste 87
3.6.2.2 Influence of SAP on the Autogenous Shrinkage of Mortar 93
3.6.3 InorganicWater-releasing Materials 95
3.6.3.1 Functional Principle ofWater-releasing Agent 95
3.6.3.2 The Effect ofWater-releasing Agent 96
3.6.3.3 Humidity Regulation byWater-releasing Agent 96
3.6.3.4 Influence ofWater-releasing Agent on Volumetric Deformation Properties 98
3.6.3.5 Influence ofWater-releasing Agent on Compressive Strength of Materials 98
3.6.3.6 Application Technology ofWater-releasing Agent 99
3.7 Functional Aggregates 101
3.7.1 The Role of Functional Aggregates 103
3.7.1.1 The Influence of Aggregate Properties on Concrete Performance 103
3.7.1.2 The Mechanism of Functional Aggregates Improving Structure and Performance 104
3.7.1.3 The Principle of Functional Aggregates Endowing Concrete with Special Properties 104
3.7.2 Design and Preparation of Functional Aggregates 105
3.7.2.1 Selection of Natural Aggregates 105
3.7.2.2 Preparation of Artificial Aggregates 106
3.7.2.3 Ideal Optimization Model Design 106
3.7.3 Research and Development of Functional Aggregates 107
3.7.3.1 Aggregates for Optimizing Concrete Structure and Durability 107
3.7.3.2 Lightweight Aggregates 108
3.7.3.3 Radiation Shielding Aggregates 108
3.7.3.4 Porous Functional Aggregates 109
3.7.3.5 Functional Aggregates for Purification 110
3.7.3.6 High-Strength andWear-resistant Aggregates 112
3.7.3.7 Vibration-absorbing Aggregates 114
3.7.3.8 SolidWaste Used as Aggregates 114
References 115
4 Ultra-high-strength Concrete 119
4.1 Macro-defect Free Cement 119
4.1.1 Formulation Principles and Preparation Process 119
4.1.2 Performance and Prospects for Development and Application 121
4.2 Densified System Containing Homogeneously Arranged Ultrafine Particles 122
4.2.1 Formulation Principles and Preparation Process 122
4.2.2 Performance and Prospects for Development and Application 123
4.3 Compact Reinforced Composite 124
4.3.1 Formulation Principles and Preparation Process 124
4.3.2 Performance and Prospects for Development and Application 125
4.4 Reactive Powder Concrete 127
4.4.1 Formulation Principles and Preparation Process 127
4.4.2 Performance and Prospects for Development and Application 129
4.5 Reinforcement Mechanism of Ultra-high-strength Cementitious Composite 131
4.5.1 Composition and Structural Characteristics of Ultra-High-strength Cementitious Material with a LowWater-binder Ratio 132
4.5.1.1 Material Composition Characteristic 132
4.5.1.2 Material Microstructure Characteristic 133
4.5.2 Factors Affecting the Strength of Ultra-high-strength Cementitious Material with a LowWater-binder Ratio 134
4.5.3 Reinforcement Mechanism of Ultra-high-strength Cementitious Material 135
4.5.3.1 Enhancement of Functional Material in Ultra-high-strength Cementitious Material 135
4.5.3.2 Interfacial Composite Enhancement Mechanism 136
References 137
5 Ultra-high-performance Concrete 141
5.1 Overview of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 141
5.2 Design of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 144
5.2.1 Guidelines for the Preparation of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 144
5.2.2 Design Method for Ultra-high-performance Concrete Material System Based on Response Surface Methodology 145
5.2.2.1 Determination of the Optimal Distribution Modulus 146
5.2.2.2 Center Portfolio Design 147
5.2.2.3 Fitting the Model and Validation 149
5.2.2.4 Response Surface Analysis ofWet Stack Compactness and Extensibility 152
5.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 155
5.3.1 Workability 155
5.3.2 Hydration and Microstructure Evolution 158
5.3.2.1 Hydration Behavior of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 158
5.3.2.2 Pore Structure of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 160
5.3.2.3 Characteristics of Hydration Products in Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 161
5.3.3 Mechanical Properties 164
5.3.3.1 Macro Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 165
5.3.3.2 Micro-Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 166
5.3.3.3 Nano-Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC) 167
5.4 Volumetric Stability of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 169
5.4.1 Shrinkage Characteristics of UHPC 170
5.4.2 Shrinkage Mechanism of UHPC 171
5.4.3 Effect of Steel Fibers on Autogenous shrinkage of UHPC 175
5.4.4 Effect of Internal Curing on Shrinkage of UHPC 179
5.5 Durability Properties of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 183
5.5.1 Freeze–thaw Durability 183
5.5.1.1 Introduced Porosity Characteristics of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 183
5.5.1.2 Freeze–thaw Durability of Ultra-high-performance Concrete 184
5.5.2 Resistance to Sulfate Attack 186
5.5.3 Resistant to Chloride Ion Penetration 190
5.6 Novel Ultra-high-performance Concrete 190
5.6.1 Green Ultra-high-performance Concrete 191
5.6.2 Lightweight Ultra-high-performance Concrete 195
5.7 Application of Ultra-high-performance Concrete for Municipal Solid Waste Pre-treatment Plants 199
5.7.1 Ultra-high-performance Concrete for Municipal SolidWaste Pre-treatment Plants 199
5.7.2 Pumpable Lightweight Ultra-high-performance Concrete for Steel Bridge
Deck Pavement 202
References 203
6 High-performance Composite Structural Concrete 207
6.1 Concrete-filled Steel Tubes Combination Material 207
6.1.1 Outlined 207
6.1.1.1 New Concrete-filled Steel Tubes Composite Design Principle 207
6.1.1.2 Major Problems with the Established Technologies 207
6.1.1.3 Major Research and Technology Development 208
6.1.2 Design and Control of Concrete-filled Steel Tube Expansion Properties 209
6.1.2.1 Concrete-filled Steel Tube Expansion Modeling 209
6.1.2.2 Design of Expansive Self-induced Stress Values for Concrete-filled Steel Tubes 212
6.1.2.3 Concrete Expansion Performance Design and Expansion Fitting Techniques 213
6.1.2.4 Precise Control Technology for Concrete Expansion 213
6.1.3 Design of Cementitious Material Composition Matching 217
6.1.3.1 Composition of Cementitious Material and Shrinkage Deformation 217
6.1.3.2 Cementitious Material Composition and Expansion Deformation 219
6.1.3.3 Matching of Cementitious Material Composition 221
6.1.3.4 High-efficiency CompositeWater-Reducing Agent for High-strength Concrete-filled Steel Tubes 223
6.1.4 Engineering Application of Concrete-filled Steel Tubes in Large-span Arch Bridges 224
6.1.4.1 Application Overview 224
6.1.4.2 Concrete-filled Steel Tube Expert System 226
6.1.4.3 Engineering Applications 227
6.2 Steel-concrete/Asphalt Composite Bridge Deck Paving Structural Materials 234
6.2.1 Overview 234
6.2.1.1 Durability Challenges of Steel Bridge Deck Pavement Structures 234
6.2.1.2 Performance Characteristics of Steel Bridge Deck Paving Materials 234
6.2.1.3 Major Research and Technology Development 235
6.2.2 Design of a New Type of Steel Box Girder Pavement Structure 236
6.2.2.1 Material Mechanics Analysis 237
6.2.2.2 Feasibility Analysis of a New Steel Box Girder Bridge Deck Pavement Structure 241
6.2.2.3 Analysis of Influencing Factors on the Pavement Structure of a New Type of Steel Box Girder Bridge 243
6.2.2.4 Structural Connection Design Between Pavement Structure and Steel Plates 248
6.2.3 Design and Performance of Pavement Materials and Structures 249
6.2.3.1 Performance Transition Layer Materials 249
6.2.3.2 Interfacial Reinforcement Layer Materials 250
6.2.3.3 Pavement Functional Layer Materials 253
6.2.3.4 Fatigue Resistance Performance of Steel Bridge Deck Composite Pavement Structure 254
6.2.4 Construction Technology and Engineering Application of Steel Bridge Deck Pavement 255
6.2.4.1 Construction Technology 255
6.2.4.2 Engineering Applications 259
6.2.4.3 Technical Application Effects 260
6.2.4.4 Technical and Economic Comparison 261
6.3 Composite Materials for Structural/Functional Tunnel Concrete 264
6.3.1 Abstract 264
6.3.1.1 Technical Requirements for Shield Tunnel Structural Material 264
6.3.1.2 Characteristics of Deepwater Large-Diameter Shield Tunnel Structure Materials 265
6.3.1.3 Major Research and Technology Development 266
6.3.2 Structural Design of Tunnel Concrete Segment and Lining 266
6.3.2.1 Integrated Design of Segment Structure/Function 266
6.3.2.2 Optimized Design of Concrete Segment and Lining Structure for Large Diameter Shield Tunnel 268
6.3.2.3 Assembly Design of Segment and Lining Structure 273
6.3.3 Properties of Concrete Segment 275
6.3.3.1 Concrete Segment Materials 275
6.3.3.2 Highly Impermeable Protective Layer Material 277
6.3.3.3 Fireproofing Functional Layer Materials 278
6.3.3.4 Influence of Episodic Factors on the Properties of Segment Concrete 279
6.3.4 Preparation and Engineering Application of Functional Composite Concrete Segment 283
6.3.4.1 Overview of theWuhan Yangtze River Cross Tunnel Project 283
6.3.4.2 Optimized Design of Segment Concrete for Shield Tunnels 285
6.3.4.3 Preparation of Tunnel Shield Sheets 286
6.3.4.4 Segment Quality Inspection 291
6.3.4.5 Engineering Application 293
6.4 High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 296
6.4.1 Overview 296
6.4.1.1 High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 296
6.4.1.2 The Main Problems of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete used for Structures 297
6.4.1.3 Main Research and Technology Development 298
6.4.2 Key Technologies for the Design and Preparation of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 299
6.4.2.1 Strength Design of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 299
6.4.2.2 Structural Strengthening Technology for Lightweight Aggregate-cement Stone Interface 302
6.4.2.3 Structural Strengthening Technology for Lightweight Aggregate-cement Stone Interface 304
6.4.2.4 Homogeneity Control Technology for Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Mixes 305
6.4.3 High-performance Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Performance Design and Modification Technology 307
6.4.3.1 Brittleness Mechanism and Toughening Technology of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 307
6.4.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity, Creep, and Drying Shrinkage Modification of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 310
6.4.4 Design and Preparation Techniques for Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Structures and Elements 312
6.4.4.1 Stress–strain Relationship of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 312
6.4.4.2 Properties of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Members 313
6.4.4.3 Structural Gradient Design for High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 316
6.4.4.4 Anti-cracking Technologies for Anchor End of Prestressed Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Members 320
6.4.5 Construction and Application Technology of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 322
6.4.5.1 Evaluation Method for Homogeneity of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 322
6.4.5.2 Ultra-high, Ultra-long Distance Homogeneous Pumping Technology 324
6.4.5.3 Construction Critical Processes 325
6.4.5.4 Engineering Applications 326
References 330
7 Novel Functional Concrete Technologies 339
7.1 Recyclable Cement and Concrete 339
7.1.1 Overview 339
7.1.2 Design Concepts for Recyclable Cement and Concrete 340
7.1.3 Properties of Recyclable Cement and Concrete 341
7.1.3.1 Mechanical and Impermeability Properties 341
7.1.3.2 Thermal Properties of theWarming Process 341
7.1.3.3 Flammability 343
7.1.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Recyclable Cement 343
7.1.3.5 Trends in Recyclable Cement and Concrete 343
7.2 Resin Aggregate Concrete 344
7.2.1 Overview 344
7.2.2 Design Ideas for Resin Aggregate Concrete 345
7.2.3 Basic Properties of Resin Aggregate Concrete 347
7.2.3.1 Work Performance 347
7.2.3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties 348
7.2.3.3 Thermal Insulation Properties 350
7.2.3.4 Sound Absorption and Noise Reduction Performance 351
7.2.4 Development Trends of Resin Aggregate Concrete 352
7.3 CO2-driven 3D Printing Concrete 353
7.3.1 Overview of CO2-driven 3D Printing Concrete 353
7.3.2 Preparation of CO2-driven 3D Printing Concrete 354
7.3.3 Performance of CO2-driven 3D Printing Concrete 355
7.3.3.1 Printing Continuity 355
7.3.3.2 Printing Buildability 356
7.3.3.3 Mechanical Property 358
7.3.4 Trends in 3D-printed Concrete 360
References 361
Index 363
