Hidden in Blackness

Contents Series Foreword James A. Banks ?xi Foreword: What Do You Know About and How Do You Study "Black and Immigrant Students"? Janice B. Fournillier ?xv Acknowledgments ?xix Introduction: Complicating Blackness and Immigration ?1 Hidden in Blackness ?1 Black Immigration Flows and Immigration Policies ?2 Black Immigrant Demographic Shifts in the United States ?6 How We Enter: Author Positionalities ?9 Organization of the Book ?13 1. ?Lifting the Veil on the Landscape of Black Immigrant and U.S. Education Scholarship ?14 The Research Landscape ?14 Reframing Black Immigrants' U.S. Educational Experiences ?18 Conclusion ?21 2. ?Complicating Racial Identity Development ?22 Black Identity Development Theories ?22 Black Immigrants and Black Identity Development ?26 Linking Blackness and Nativity, Ethnicity, and Nationality ?31 Centering Power in Understanding Black Immigrants' Racial Identity Development ?38 3. ?Complicating the K-12 Education System and Structures ?40 School Environment ?41 Family vs. School or Family and School? ?54 Conclusion ?56 4. ?Complicating K-12 Social Support and Resources: Black Immigrant Youth Navigating Gatekeepers and Shepherds ?57 Gatekeepers and Shepherds ?58 Family and Community Expectations, Socialization, and Support ?58 Peers as Facilitators, Supporters, or Prohibitors ?67 Teachers and School Counselors as Interrupters, Advocates, or Instigators ?75 Black Immigrant Students' Strategies to Navigate Various Environments and Relationships ?80 Conclusion ?82 5. ?Complicating Access to Higher Education ?83 Framing the College-Going Process ?84 College-Going Motivators, Supports, and Resources ?85 Barriers to the College-Going Process ?94 Conclusion ?100 6. ?Complicating Student Experiences in Higher Education ?101 Adjustment to College ?101 Experiences With Campus Culture and Climate for Diversity ?104 Classroom and Academic Experiences ?109 Social and Peer Engagement ?112 Conclusion ?120 7. ?Complicating Education and Workforce Outcomes ?121 Educational Outcomes: Complicating the Success Story ?121 Workforce Participation and Outcomes ?125 Conclusion: Hidden No More: The Black Diasporic Illumination Framework ?131 Developing the BDI Framework: Theoretical and Conceptual Grounding ?131 BDI Framework ?133 Implications for Future Research ?136 Implications for Education Practice and Policy ?138 Conclusion ?140 Epilogue: A Love Letter to Black Immigrant Students Navigating the U.S. Education System ?142 Appendix: Data Sources and Research Designs ?145 Endnotes ?155 References ?157 Index ?193 About the Authors ?201